Nā nīnau hoʻohālike e kūkākūkā ana i ka Electromagnetic Wave Spectrum
Pendahuluan
ʻO ke ʻano electromagnetic ka laulā o nā ʻano radiation electromagnetic āpau. ʻO ka radiation electromagnetic ka ikehu e hele ana ma ka lewa ma ke ʻano o nā nalu. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka radiation electromagnetic e komo pū me ka mālamalama ʻike ʻia a mākou e ʻike ai, nā nalu lekiō i hoʻohana ʻia no ke kamaʻilio ʻana, a me nā kukuna X i hoʻohana ʻia i ka lāʻau lapaʻau. E hāʻawi kēia ʻatikala i kekahi mau pilikia hoʻohālike e kūkākūkā ana i ka spectrum electromagnetic e kōkua i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā manaʻo kumu a me kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā.
ʻAno nalu uila
Ma mua o ko kākou komo ʻana i nā nīnau hoʻohālike a me ke kūkākūkā ʻana, e nānā pōkole kākou i ka spectrum electromagnetic. Ua māhele ʻia kēia spectrum i kekahi mau ʻano ma muli o ka wavelength a i ʻole ka alapine (frequency), ʻo ia hoʻi:
1. Nā Nalu Lekiō: Loaʻa ka lōʻihi o nā nalu mai kahi o 1 milimita a i 100 kilomita. Hoʻohana ʻia i nā kamaʻilio lekiō a me ke kīwī.
2. Nā hawewe microwave: Loaʻa ka lōʻihi o ka nalu mai 1 milimita a i 1 mika. Hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ka radar a me nā microwave.
3. Infrared: Loaʻa ka lōʻihi o ka nalu mai 700 nanometers a i 1 millimeter. Hoʻohana ʻia i nā mana mamao, nā kāmela ʻike pō, a me nā mea ʻike wela.
4. Mālamalama ʻIke ʻia: ʻO ka laulā o ka nalu mai kahi o 400 a 700 nanometers. ʻO kēia ke ʻano o ka spectrum i hiki ke ʻike ʻia e ka maka kanaka.
5. Ultraviolet: ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka nalu mai 10 a 400 nanometers. Hoʻohana ʻia i ka sterilization a me ka ʻike forensic.
6. Nā kukuna X: ʻO ka laulā o ka nalu mai 0.01 a 10 nanometers. Hoʻohana ʻia i ke kiʻi ʻana i nā kiʻi lapaʻau.
7. Nā Kukui Gamma: ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o ka nalu ma mua o 0.01 nanometers. Hoʻohana ʻia i ka lāʻau lapaʻau maʻi kanesa.
Nā Nīnau Laʻana a me ke Kūkākūkā
Nīnau 1
Nīnau: Hana kahi antenna lekiō ma ke alapine (frequency) o 100 MHz. He aha kona nalu (wavelength)?
Kūkākūkā:
Ua ʻike ʻia:
– Alapine (f) = 100 MHz = 100 x 10^6 Hz
– Ka wikiwiki o ke kukui (c) = 3 x 10^8 m/s
ʻO ke ʻano hana i hoʻohana ʻia:
\[ \lambda = \frac{c}{f} \]
\[ \lambda = \frac{3 \times 10^8 \text{ m/s}}{100 \times 10^6 \text{ Hz}} \]
\[ \lambda = 3 \text{ mika} \]
No laila, ʻo 3 mika ka lōʻihi o ka nalu o ka hōʻailona lekiō.
Nīnau 2
Nīnau: Inā he 900 nm ka lōʻihi o ka nalu o ke kukui infrared, he aha kona alapine (frequency)?
Kūkākūkā:
Ua ʻike ʻia:
– Ka lōʻihi o ka nalu (λ) = 900 nm = 900 x 10^-9 mika
– Ka wikiwiki o ke kukui (c) = 3 x 10^8 m/s
ʻO ke ʻano hana i hoʻohana ʻia:
\[ f = \frac{c}{\lambda} \]
\[ f = \frac{3 \times 10^8 \text{ m/s}}{900 \times 10^{-9} \text{ mika}} \]
\[ f = 3.33 \times 10^{14} \text{ Hz} \]
No laila, ʻo ke alapine (frequency) o nā kukuna infrared he 3.33 x 10^14 Hz.
Nīnau 3
Nīnau: ʻO ke alapine (frequency) o ke kukui ultraviolet he 8 x 10^14 Hz. He aha kona nalu?
Kūkākūkā:
Ua ʻike ʻia:
– Alapine (f) = 8 x 10^14 Hz
– Ka wikiwiki o ke kukui (c) = 3 x 10^8 m/s
ʻO ke ʻano hana i hoʻohana ʻia:
\[ \lambda = \frac{c}{f} \]
\[ \lambda = \frac{3 \times 10^8 \text{ m/s}}{8 \times 10^14 \text{ Hz}} \]
\[ \lambda = 3.75 \times 10^{-7} \text{ mika} \]
\[ \lambda = 375 \text{ nm} \]
No laila, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka nalu o ke kukui ultraviolet he 375 nm.
Nīnau 4
Nīnau: Hoʻopuka kekahi kumu i nā microwave me ka nalu o 5 kenimika. He aha kona alapine (frequency)?
Kūkākūkā:
Ua ʻike ʻia:
– Ka lōʻihi o ka nalu (λ) = 5 kenimika = 0.05 mika
– Ka wikiwiki o ke kukui (c) = 3 x 10^8 m/s
ʻO ke ʻano hana i hoʻohana ʻia:
\[ f = \frac{c}{\lambda} \]
\[ f = \frac{3 \times 10^8 \text{ m/s}}{0.05 \text{ mika}} \]
\[ f = 6 \times 10^9 \text{ Hz} \]
No laila, ʻo ke alapine (frequency) o nā microwave he 6 x 10^9 Hz a i ʻole 6 GHz.
Nīnau 5
Nīnau: He 450 nm ka lōʻihi o ka nalu o ke kukui polū. He aha ka ikehu o kahi photon mai kēia kukui polū?
Kūkākūkā:
Ua ʻike ʻia:
– Ka lōʻihi o ka nalu (λ) = 450 nm = 450 x 10^-9 mika
– Ka wikiwiki o ke kukui (c) = 3 x 10^8 m/s
– ʻO ke kūpaʻa o Planck (h) = 6.626 x 10^-34 Js
ʻO ke ʻano hana i hoʻohana ʻia:
\[ E = hf \]
Me:
\[ f = \frac{c}{\lambda} \]
\[ f = \frac{3 \times 10^8 \text{ m/s}}{450 \times 10^{-9} \text{ mika}} \]
\[ f = 6.67 \times 10^{14} \text{ Hz} \]
\[ E = 6.626 \times 10^{-34} \text{ Js} \times 6.67 \times 10^{14} \text{ Hz} \]
\[ E = 4.42 \times 10^{-19} \text{ Joules} \]
No laila, ʻo ka ikehu photon o ke kukui polū he 4.42 x 10^-19 Joules.
Ka hopena
Hoʻopuni ka spectrum electromagnetic i nā ʻano radiation like ʻole me nā nalu a me nā alapine like ʻole. Ma kēia ʻatikala, ua kūkākūkā mākou i kekahi mau pilikia hoʻohālike e uhi ana i nā ʻāpana like ʻole o kēia spectrum, mai nā nalu lekiō a i ke kukui ultraviolet. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā manaʻo kumu a me nā helu ʻana, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻopili i kēia ʻike i nā ʻano ʻepekema a me nā ʻenehana like ʻole e like me ke kamaʻilio ʻana, ka lāʻau lapaʻau, a me nā noi ʻē aʻe. Manaʻolana, ua kōkua nā pilikia hoʻohālike ma luna iā ʻoe e hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i ka spectrum electromagnetic.
Nā Manaʻo Hoʻoikaika Kino Hou Aʻe
He mea kōkua mau ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa hou ʻana no ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i kou ʻike i nā kumumanaʻo āu i aʻo ai. Eia kekahi mau nīnau hou aʻe hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻāʻo:
1. Loaʻa i kahi antenna kīwī kahi hōʻailona me ka nalu o 75 kenimika. E hoʻoholo i kona alapine (frequency).
2. ʻO ka nalu o ke kukui ʻulaʻula he 650 nm. He aha kona ikehu?
3. He 10 GHz ka alapine (frequency) o kahi microwave. E hoʻoholo i kona nalu.
4. He 0.1 nm ka lōʻihi o ka nalu o nā kukuna X. E helu i ko lākou alapine (frequency).
5. ʻO ke alapine (frequency) o ke kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo he 5.5 x 10^14 Hz. E hoʻoholo i kona nalu.
ʻO ka hana ʻana i nā pilikia hou aʻe e kōkua i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i kou ʻike a me kou mau mākau i ke kumuhana o ka electromagnetic wave spectrum.
