Nā nīnau hoʻohālike e kūkākūkā ana i nā waiwai o nā Colloids
ʻO ke colloid kahi ʻano hui ʻana kahi i hoʻopuehu like ʻia ai kekahi mea ma loko o kekahi mea ʻē aʻe. Loaʻa i kēia ʻōnaehana hoʻopuehu nā ʻāpana i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā molekala maʻalahi akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā hoʻokuʻu coarse. Loaʻa i nā colloids nā waiwai kikoʻī e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou mai nā hopena maoli a me nā hoʻokuʻu. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e kūkākūkā mākou i kekahi mau pilikia hoʻohālike e hōʻike ana i nā waiwai o nā colloids a hāʻawi i nā kūkākūkā kikoʻī e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hoʻomaopopo hou aku.
Nā Waiwai o nā Colloids
Ma mua o ko kākou komo ʻana i nā nīnau hoʻohālike a me nā kūkākūkā ʻana, e ʻike mua kākou i kekahi o nā waiwai koʻikoʻi o nā colloids:
1. Ka Hopena Tyndall:
– Pili kēia ʻano i ka hiki o nā colloids ke hoʻopuka i ka mālamalama ke hele ka mālamalama ma o ka ʻōnaehana colloidal. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia e ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o nā ʻāpana colloidal i lawa ka nui e hoʻopuehu i ka mālamalama.
2. Ka neʻe ʻana o Brownian:
– Hiki mai kēia hanana ma muli o ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻāpana colloidal i loko o ka medium dispersion, ma muli o nā kuʻi ʻana me nā molekala o ka medium.
3. Ke hoʻokumu nei i ka Coagulation (Clumping):
– Hiki i nā colloids ke hoʻopili a puʻupuʻu paha i ka wā e hōʻike ʻia ai i kekahi mau ion a i ʻole nā loli i nā kūlana kino e like me ka hoʻomehana ʻana.
4. Hoʻopili ʻana:
– Hiki i nā ʻāpana colloidal ke huki a hoʻopaʻa i nā molekala a i ʻole nā iona mai ke kaiapuni a puni ma luna o ko lākou ʻili.
5. Ka Uila Uila o nā ʻĀpana Colloidal:
– Hoʻopiʻi pinepine ʻia nā ʻāpana colloidal me ka uila ma muli o ka adsorption o kekahi mau ions mai ka medium a puni.
6. Dialysis:
– Ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā ion a i ʻole nā molekula liʻiliʻi mai kahi hopena me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi membrane semipermeable. No ka mea, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻāpana colloidal ma mua o nā molekala maʻamau, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke komo i loko o ka membrane.
Nā nīnau hoʻohālike a me ke kūkākūkā ʻana o nā waiwai colloidal
Laʻana Nīnau 1: Hopena Tyndall
Nīnau: Ua waiho ʻia kahi hopena o ka mea A a me kahi colloid o ka mea B i loko o ʻelua mau ʻōmole hoʻāʻo like ʻole. Ke hoʻouna ʻia ke kukui ma o nā ʻōmole hoʻāʻo ʻelua, ʻo ka hopena B wale nō ka mea e hoʻopuka i ka mālamalama. E wehewehe i ke kumu o kēia hana.
Kūkākūkā:
He laʻana maʻamau kēia o ka hopena Tyndall. Ke hoʻohele mākou i ka mālamalama ma o kahi hopena, hoʻopuehu nā ʻāpana i loko o ka hopena colloidal i ka mālamalama, e hana ana i kahi hopena hoʻopuehu i ʻike ʻia e ka maka ʻōlohelohe.
Ua lawa ka nui o nā ʻāpana colloidal e hoʻopuehu i ka mālamalama, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻāpana i loko o kahi hopena maoli a ʻaʻole hiki ke hana i kēia. No laila, hoʻopuka ka ʻōmole hoʻāʻo e loaʻa ana ka mea colloidal B i ka mālamalama, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hōʻike ka ʻōmole hoʻāʻo e loaʻa ana kahi hopena o ka mea A i kēia hopena.
Laʻana Nīnau 2: Neʻe Brownian
Nīnau: No ke aha i ʻike ʻia ai e neʻe wale nā ʻāpana colloidal ke nānā ʻia ma lalo o kahi microscope?
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻāpana colloidal ma lalo o kahi microscope ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he neʻe Brownian. Hoʻokumu ʻia ia e nā kuʻi mau ma waena o nā ʻāpana colloidal a me nā molekala o ka mea e hoʻopuni ana, aia i ka neʻe wela. ʻO kēia pilina e hopena i kahi neʻe zigzag a i ʻole ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻāpana colloidal, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma lalo o kahi microscope ma ke ʻano he neʻe Brownian.
Laʻana Nīnau 3: Hoʻopili ʻana o ke Koloid
Nīnau: E inoa i ʻelua mau ʻano hana e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻopili i kahi colloid.
Kūkākūkā:
Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia a hoʻopili ʻia paha nā colloids ma nā ʻano he nui penei:
1. Hoʻohui i nā electrolytes: ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā ions mai kekahi mau electrolytes hiki ke hoʻopau i ka uku uila ma luna o ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana colloidal, e hoʻoulu ai i nā ʻāpana e hui pū a hui pū.
2. Hoʻomehana: Hiki i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mahana ke hoʻonui i ka ikehu kinetic o nā ʻāpana colloidal, e hana ana i nā kuʻi pinepine a paʻakikī hoʻi ma waena o nā ʻāpana, kahi e hiki ai ke alakaʻi i ka coagulation.
Laʻana Nīnau 4: Hoʻopili Colloid
Nīnau: No ke aha e hiki ai ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana colloidal i ke kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe kemika?
Kūkākūkā:
Loaʻa i nā ʻāpana colloidal nā waiwai adsorption ikaika, ʻo ia hoʻi ke huki nei a hoʻopaʻa i nā ions a i ʻole nā molekala ma ko lākou mau ʻili. I nā kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe kemika, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia waiwai adsorption o nā colloids e adsorb i nā haumia a i ʻole nā ions makemake ʻole ʻia mai nā hopena, a laila e hoʻokaʻawale ana i ka mea i makemake ʻia mai nā mea haumia. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana pinepine nā kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai i ka colloidal iron(III) hydroxide, hiki ke adsorb i nā ʻano haumia like ʻole mai ka wai.
Laʻana Nīnau 5: Hoʻouku Uila Colloidal
Nīnau: No ke aha i hoʻopiʻi pinepine ʻia ai nā ʻāpana colloidal i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana colloidal me ka uila?
Kūkākūkā:
Hoʻopiʻi pinepine ʻia nā ʻāpana colloidal me ka uila ma muli o ka adsorption o nā ions mai ka medium dispersion. Hiki i nā ʻāpana colloidal ke huki i kekahi mau ions mai ka medium a hana i kahi uku uila ma ko lākou ʻili. No ka laʻana, i loko o ka medium aqueous, i kekahi manawa adsorb nā ʻāpana colloidal i nā ions H+ a i ʻole OH-, e hāʻawi iā lākou i kahi uku maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole paha. He mea nui kēia uku uila no ke kūpaʻa colloidal no ka mea ʻo nā uku like ma nā ʻāpana colloidal e hoʻoulu ai i nā mana repulsive e pale ai i nā ʻāpana colloidal mai ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana a me ka hui ʻana.
Laʻana Nīnau 6: Dialysis
Nīnau: Pehea e hana ai ka dialysis i ke kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe colloid?
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO ka Dialysis kahi ʻano hana i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale i nā ion a i ʻole nā molekala liʻiliʻi mai kahi hopena colloidal me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi membrane semipermeable. ʻAe ka membrane semipermeable i nā molekala liʻiliʻi wale nō a me kekahi mau ion e hele ma waena, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki i nā ʻāpana nui e like me nā ʻāpana colloidal ke hele ma waena. I ke kaʻina hana dialysis, waiho ʻia kahi hopena colloidal i loko o kahi ʻeke dialysis a hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka wai a i ʻole kekahi mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻē aʻe. I loko o kēia kaʻina hana, hoʻolaha nā ion a i ʻole nā molekala liʻiliʻi ma o ka membrane, ʻoiai e noho ana nā ʻāpana colloidal i loko o ka ʻeke. Ma kēia ʻano, hiki ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia nā ʻāpana colloidal mai nā ion a i ʻole nā molekala haumia.
Ka hopena
ʻO nā colloids kahi ʻano hui i loaʻa nā waiwai kū hoʻokahi i loaʻa ʻole i nā hopena maoli a i ʻole nā wai hoʻokuʻu coarse. He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia mau waiwai i nā noi ʻepekema a me nā ʻoihana like ʻole. Ma o nā laʻana a me nā kūkākūkā ma luna, ua ʻimi mākou i kekahi mau waiwai koʻikoʻi o nā colloids, e like me ka Tyndall Effect, Brownian motion, coagulation, adsorption, ka uila uila o nā ʻāpana colloidal, a me ka dialysis. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo piha ʻana i kēia mau waiwai e kōkua nui i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ke kumumanaʻo o nā colloids i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā a ma nā ʻano ʻepekema like ʻole.
