Nā nīnau hoʻohālike e kūkākūkā ana i ke kaulike kemika ma ka honua ʻoihana

Nā nīnau hoʻohālike e kūkākūkā ana i ke kaulike kemika ma ka honua ʻoihana

He manaʻo koʻikoʻi ke kaulike kemika i ka kemika a pili nui ia i nā ʻano ʻoihana like ʻole. I loko o kahi hopena kemika, hana ʻia ke kaulike ke like ka wikiwiki o ka hopena i mua me ka wikiwiki o ka hopena i hope, i mau ai ka nui o nā mea hana a me nā huahana i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa. Nui nā ʻoihana, e like me nā lāʻau lapaʻau, nā petrochemical, a me ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai, hilinaʻi nui i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana a me ka kaohi ʻana i ke kaulike kemika e hoʻonui i ka hana a me ka pono. E kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i kekahi mau laʻana o nā pilikia e pili ana i ke kaulike kemika i loko o kahi ʻano ʻoihana a pehea e hoʻoponopono ai iā lākou.

Laʻana Nīnau 1: ʻOihana Ammonia (Kaʻina Hana Haber-Bosch)

Nīnau:
Hoʻopuka ke kaʻina hana Haber-Bosch i ka ammonia (NH₃) mai ka naikokene (N₂) a me ka hydrogen (H₂) e like me ka hopena:
\[ \text{N}_2(g) + 3\text{H}_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2\text{NH}_3(g) \]

Ma ka mahana o 500 K, ke kūpaʻa kaulike (K_c) no kēia hopena he 6.0 x 10^-2. Inā hoʻomaka mākou me 1.00 mol N₂ a me 3.00 mol H₂ I loko o kahi reactor me ka nui o 1.00 L, e helu i ka nui o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana ma ke kaulike.

Kūkākūkā:
1. E hoʻoholo i ka loli o ka nui no kēlā me kēia ʻāpana i loko o ka ʻōnaehana.
\[ \text{N}_2(g) + 3\text{H}_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2\text{NH}_3(g) \]
ʻO x nā mole o NH₃ i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke kaulike, a laila penei ka loli o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana:
- N₂: -x mol/L
- H₂: -3x mol/L
– NH₃: +2x mol/L

2. E hoʻonohonoho i ka hoʻohālikelike kaulike ma muli o ke kūpaʻa kaulike (K_c):
\[
K_c = \frac{[\text{NH}_3]^2}{[\text{N}_2][\text{H}_2]^3} = 6.0 \times 10^{-2}
\]
Ka nui mua a me ka loli o ka nui:
– [N₂] = 1.00 – x
– [H₂] = 3.00 – 3x
– [NH₃] = 2x

3. E hoʻokomo i kēia mau waiwai i loko o ka hoʻohālikelike kaulike:
\[
6.0 manawa 10^{-2} = \frac{(2x)^2}{(1.00 – x)(3.00 – 3x)^3}
\]

4. E helu i ka waiwai o x me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻāʻo a me ka hewa a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻano helu ʻē aʻe e hoʻoponopono ai i ka hoohalike.

Ma hope o ka helu ʻana, loaʻa iā mākou ʻo x = 0.46. No laila:
– [N₂] = 1.00 – 0.46 = 0.54 mol/L
– [H₂] = 3.00 – 3(0.46) = 1.62 mol/L
– [NH₃] = 2(0.46) = 0.92 mol/L

Laʻana Nīnau 2: ʻOihana Waikawa Sulfuric (Kaʻina Hana Hoʻokaʻaʻike)

Nīnau:
I ke kaʻina hana hoʻopili, ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka sulfur dioxide (SO₂) i loko o ka sulfur trioxide (SO₃) ma o ka hopena:
\[ 2\text{SO}_2(g) + \text{O}_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2\text{SO}_3(g) \]

Paʻa kaulike (K_c) no kēia hana ma 600 K he 350. Inā he 0.50 mol SO i loko o ka reactor₂, 0.25 mol O₂, a me 0.10 mol SO₃, e helu i ka nui o nā ʻāpana ma ke kaulike ma ka nui o 2.00 L.

Kūkākūkā:
1. E hoʻoholo i ka nui mua:
– [Pēlā nō₂]_hoʻomaka = 0.50 mol / 2.00 L = 0.25 M
– [ʻO₂]_hoʻomaka = 0.25 mol / 2.00 L = 0.125 M
– [Pēlā nō₃]_hoʻomaka = 0.10 mol / 2.00 L = 0.05 M

2. E lilo ʻo x i ka loli o ka nui o SO.₃ ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke kaulike:
– [Pēlā nō₂]: 0.25 – x
– [ʻO₂]: 0.125 – \(\frac{x}{2}\)
– [Pēlā nō₃]: 0.05 + x

3. E hoʻokomo i loko o ke kaulike kaulike:
\[
350 = \frac{(0.05 + x)^2}{(0.25 – x)^2 \cdot (0.125 – \frac{x}{2})}
\]

4. Ma ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia kaulike (me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻano helu a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mīkini helu papahana), ua ʻike ʻia ʻo x = 0.165. A laila:
– [Pēlā nō₂] = 0.25 – 0.165 = 0.085 M
– [ʻO₂] = 0.125 – \(\frac{0.165}{2}\) = 0.0425 M
– [Pēlā nō₃] = 0.05 + 0.165 = 0.215 M

Laʻana Nīnau 3: Hana ʻana o Ethylbenzene

Nīnau:
I ka hana ʻana o ka ethylbenzene, hana ʻia ka styrene e ka dehydrogenation o ka ethylbenzene (C₆H₅CH₂CH₃):
\[ \text{C}_6\text{H}_5\text{CH}_2\text{CH}_3(g) \rightleftharpoons \text{C}_6\text{H}_5\text{CH=CH}_2(g) + \text{H}_2(g) \]

Inā ʻo ke kūpaʻa kaulike (K_c) no kēia hana ma 700 K he 2.5, a i ka wā mua aia he 1.0 mol o ka ethylbenzene i loko o ka nui o 1.0 L, e helu i ka nui ma ke kaulike.

Kūkākūkā:
1. E hoʻoholo i ka nui mua:
– [C₆H₅CH₂CH₃] = 1.0 M
– [C₆H₅CH=CH₂] = 0 M (no ka mea, ʻaʻole i palaho ʻia)
– [H₂] = 0 M

2. E lilo ʻo x i ka loli o ka nui o C₆H₅CH=CH₂ ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke kaulike:
– [C₆H₅CH₂CH₃]: 1.0 – x
– [C₆H₅CH=CH₂]: x
– [H₂]: x

3. E hoʻokomo i loko o ke kaulike kaulike:
\[
2.5 = \frac{x \cdot x}{1.0 – x} = \frac{x^2}{1.0 – x}
\]

4. Ma ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia kaulike quadratic, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo x = 0.62. A laila:
– [C₆H₅CH₂CH₃] = 1.0 – 0.62 = 0.38 M
– [C₆H₅CH=CH₂] = 0.62 M
– [H₂] = 0.62 M

Ma kēia mau hiʻohiʻona ʻekolu, ua ʻike mākou pehea e hoʻopili ʻia ai ke kumumanaʻo o ke kaulike kemika ma nā ʻano ʻoihana like ʻole. ʻO ke kaulike kemika kahi loina kumu a koʻikoʻi hoʻi i nā kaʻina hana ʻoihana, ʻoiai ʻo ka kaohi pololei ʻana i ke kaulike kemika hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono hana a me ka maikaʻi o ka huahana. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo piha ʻana i ke kaulike kemika e hiki ai i kahi ʻenekinia a mea hana ʻoihana paha ke hoʻolālā a hoʻokele i nā kaʻina hana.