Ithiyori Yokwakha Komphakathi ku-Mass Media
Ithiyori yokwakha umphakathi iyindlela ebalulekile kwisayensi yezenhlalo esisiza siqonde ukuthi "iqiniso" lakhiwa kanjani ngokusebenzisana kwabantu, ulimi, kanye nezikhungo. Ngokomongo wezindaba, le thiyori ibaluleke kakhulu ngoba abezindaba abawona nje iziteshi zolwazi ezingathathi hlangothi, kodwa abadlali bezenhlalo abanegalelo ekwakheni indlela umphakathi obheka ngayo umhlaba. Amaqiniso abizwa ngokuthi amaqiniso, izindaba ezibalulekile, izinsongo, impumelelo, ngisho nobunikazi bamaqembu athile ngokuvamile azimele wodwa kodwa akhiwa—akhiwe—ngezinqubo zomphakathi ezibandakanya abezindaba, izintatheli, imithombo, izikhungo, kanye nezithameli.
Ukuqonda Ukwakha Komphakathi
Ukwakhiwa kwezenhlalo kuvela embonweni wokuthi ulwazi kanye neqiniso lezenhlalo akugcini nje ngokuba khona ngendlela eqondile, kodwa kunalokho kwakheka ngemikhuba yezenhlalo. Esinye isiqondiso esivamile umsebenzi kaPeter L. Berger noThomas Luckmann, i-The Social Construction of Reality (1966). Bachaza ukuthi iqiniso lezenhlalo lakhiwa ngezinqubo zokwenziwa ngaphandle (abantu badala imikhiqizo yezenhlalo), ukwenziwa ngendlela eqondile (imikhiqizo ibonakala njengamaqiniso azimele), kanye nokwenziwa ngendlela engaphakathi (umphakathi uyayamukela futhi uyifake ngaphakathi le mikhiqizo yezenhlalo njengeqiniso).
Uma sibheka abezindaba, iqiniso umphakathi olibonayo livame ukuba umphumela wochungechunge lwezinqumo: ukuthi yiziphi izenzakalo ezihlanganisiwe, yimiphi imithombo ebhekwa njengethembekile, yimaphi amagama asetshenziswayo, yiziphi izithombe eziboniswayo, kanye nemibono ekhethiwe. Konke lokhu kuyimikhuba yokwakha.
Abezindaba Abakhulu Njengabakhiqizi Beqiniso Lomphakathi
Ku-theory yokwakhiwa kwezenhlalo, abezindaba ababonwa nje kuphela njengesibuko seqiniso kodwa futhi "njengefektri" yeqiniso lezenhlalo. Isenzakalo esifanayo singahunyushwa ngendlela ehlukile kuye ngokuthi abezindaba basibeka kanjani. Isibonelo, umbukiso ungabikwa "njengesenzo sokuthula esifuna ubulungiswa" noma "njengesiyaluyalu esiphazamisa ukuhleleka komphakathi." Lokhu kukhethwa kwamagama kuthonya umbono wezilaleli wokuthi ubani olungile nokuthi ubani ongalungile, nokuthi ngabe udaba lufanele ukusekelwa noma ukwenqatshwa.
Abezindaba badlala indima ekunqumeni ukuthi yini ebhekwa njengebalulekile ngokusebenzisa indlela yokukhetha izindaba (ukugcinwa kwesango). Akuzona zonke izenzakalo ezingena egumbini lezindaba. Ngenxa yokulinganiselwa kwesikhala, isikhathi, kanye nokunaka komphakathi, abezindaba bakhetha amanye amaqiniso ukuze bawaveze futhi bawakhiphe amanye. Ekwakhiweni kwezenhlalo, lesi senzo sokukhetha asithathi hlangothi kodwa siyingxenye yokwakheka kweqiniso lomphakathi.
Ulimi Nezimpawu: Ithuluzi Lokwakha Elihle Kakhulu
Ulimi luyisisekelo sokwakha umphakathi. Abezindaba bakha iqiniso ngezindaba, amalebula, izingathekiso, kanye nezimpawu ezibonakalayo. Amagama anjengokuthi "olukhulu," "oluphekula," "iqhawe," "isisulu," noma "owokufika ngokungemthetho" akuzona nje izincazelo, kodwa izigaba zomphakathi ezinemiphumela yenani.
Ngaphezu kolimi, izimpawu ezibonakalayo—izithombe, amavidiyo, ihluzo, kanye nemiklamo—nazo zinegalelo ekwakhiweni kwencazelo. Isibonelo, ukukhetha isithombe somuntu onesimo sokuthukuthela kunesokuzola kungakha imibono yomphakathi ngobuntu balowo muntu. Emikhankasweni yezepolitiki, ukwakheka kwesithombe kunganquma isithombe somuntu ozongenela ukhetho: esidumile, esinobugovu, esinegunya, noma okunye.
Ukubeka Uhlaka kanye Nokuhlelwa Kwe-Ajenda Ngombono Wokwakha
Imiqondo emibili evame ukusetshenziswa ukuchaza ukuthi abezindaba babumba kanjani iqiniso ukusetha i-ajenda kanye nokubeka uhlaka.
1. Ukuhlelwa kwe-ajenda kuchaza ukuthi abezindaba abanqumi njalo ukuthi umphakathi kufanele ucabange ini, kodwa banamandla kakhulu ekunqumeni ukuthi kufanele bacabange ini. Ngokugqamisa njalo isihloko esithile, abezindaba baphakamisa isimo sabo njengenkinga enkulu. Isibonelo, uma abezindaba begqamisa njalo ubugebengu basemgwaqweni, umphakathi ungase ubone isimo sokuphepha njengesibi yize idatha esemthethweni ingase ingabonisi intuthuko enkulu.
2. I-Framing ichaza indlela abezindaba abahlanganisa ngayo inkinga, banikeze umongo, futhi banikeze umbono othile. Uhlaka luzothonya indlela abantu abahlola ngayo imbangela yenkinga, ukuthi ubani onesibopho, nokuthi yiziphi izixazululo ezibhekwa njengezifanele.
Zombili zihambisana nokwakhiwa kwezenhlalo ngoba ziphakamisa ukuthi iqiniso lomphakathi alibunjwa amaqiniso kuphela, kodwa nangendlela lawo maqiniso ahlelwe, agcizelelwe futhi axhumene ngayo.
Izikhungo Zabezindaba, Amandla, kanye Nemibono
Ukwakhiwa kwezenhlalo kusikhumbuza nokuthi ukukhiqizwa kwencazelo akwenzeki endaweni engenamuntu. Abezindaba yizikhungo ezisebenza ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo ezithile zezomnotho nezepolitiki. Ubunikazi bemidiya, izintshisekelo zokukhangisa, ubudlelwano nalabo abasemandleni, ngisho nezingcindezi zemakethe kungathonya okuqukethwe okukhiqizwayo.
Yilapho-ke isici samandla singena khona. Amaqembu anokufinyelela okukhulu kwabezindaba avame ukukwazi ukuchaza iqiniso. Isibonelo, izikhulu zikahulumeni, izikhulu zezombusazwe, kanye nezinkampani ezinkulu bavame ukuba nezinsiza zokudala izindaba ezivelele ngezingqungquthela zabezindaba, ukukhishwa okusemthethweni, noma imikhankaso yokuxhumana. Okwamanje, amaqembu ahlukunyezwe avame ukungabi nendawo yokuveza okuhlangenwe nakho kwawo. Ngenxa yalokho, iqiniso "elisemthethweni" lezenhlalo lingamelela kangcono umbono weqembu elibusayo kunomphakathi wonke.
Lo mqondo uhlobene eduze nomqondo wokubusa, okungukuthi, ukubusa okwenzeka hhayi ngokuphoqelela kuphela, kodwa nangokuvumelana okwakhiwa ngamasiko nenkulumo. Abezindaba bayithuluzi elibalulekile kule nqubo.
Izithameli: Umamukeli Ongenzi Lutho noma Umlingisi Osebenzayo?
Ekwakhiweni kwezenhlalo, izethameli azibhekwa njengezingenzi lutho ngaso sonke isikhathi. Iqiniso liphinde libunjwe yindlela izethameli ezihumusha, zixoxa futhi zisabalalisa ngayo ulwazi. Esikhathini sedijithali, indima yezethameli inamandla kakhulu, njengoba zingaphawula, zidale okuqukethwe okuphikisayo, futhi zenze izinkinga zisabalale.
Kodwa-ke, inkululeko yezilaleli ayisho njalo ukufunda ngokuzimela ngokuphelele. Ama-algorithms epulatifomu, ukubandlulula kokuqinisekisa, kanye "namakamelo e-echo" kungaqinisa ukuhumusha okuthile futhi kuhlukanise amaqiniso akhiwe. Ngamanye amazwi, ukwakhiwa komphakathi akuyona nje indaba yabahleli bemidiya, kodwa futhi kwakheka ngokusebenzisa amandla okuxhumana nomphakathi kanye nemiphakathi eku-inthanethi.
Izibonelo Zokwakhiwa Kwangempela Kwezindaba
Isibonelo esisobala ukubikwa kwenhlekelele. Abezindaba bangakha inhlekelele "njengenhlekelele yobuntu" edinga ubumbano, noma "njengokwehluleka kukahulumeni" okudinga ukuziphendulela. Kokubili kungaba yiqiniso ngezinga elithile, kodwa ukukhetha ukugcizelela kuzoholela ezimpendulweni ezahlukene zomphakathi: kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukugxila kuseminikelweni nasekusizeni, noma ekugxekweni nasekuguqulweni kwenqubomgomo.
Esinye isibonelo yizinkinga zempilo. Ngesikhathi sobhubhane, abezindaba bangavusa ukwethuka noma bakhuthaze ukuqonda okunengqondo kuye ngokuthi bakhetha kanjani imithombo, bethula idatha, futhi bachaze izingozi. Ulwazi olufanayo lungaveza amaqiniso ahlukene emphakathini: kusukela ekuthuleni kuya ekukhathazekeni kuya ekwesabeni okukhulu.
Ukubaluleka Nokugxekwa Kokwakhiwa Komphakathi
Ithiyori yokwakhiwa kwezenhlalo iwusizo kakhulu ekuqedeni umcabango wokuthi abezindaba "bamane bamele iqiniso." Isisiza ukuba sigxeke kakhulu inkulumo, izintshisekelo, kanye nenqubo yokukhiqizwa kwezindaba. Kodwa-ke, ukwakhiwa kwezenhlalo nakho kunabagxeki bayo. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi le ndlela inamandla okufihla amaqiniso angokoqobo, njengokungathi lonke iqiniso liyisakhiwo nje. Kodwa-ke, ezimweni eziningi—isibonelo, izinhlekelele zemvelo noma amazinga okufa—kunezici zangempela, ezibonakalayo.
Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kokwakhiwa kwezenhlalo ezifundweni zabezindaba kuvame ukugcizelela ukuthi iqiniso liqukethe izinhlangothi ezimbili: kukhona umhlaba wezinto ezibonakalayo, kodwa incazelo yawo ihlala iqondiswa ulimi, izikhungo, kanye namandla. Abezindaba badlala indima enkulu kulokhu kwakhiwa kwencazelo.
Isiphetho
Ithiyori yokwakhiwa kwezenhlalo kwabezindaba igomela ngokuthi iqiniso lomphakathi aliveli ngokuzenzakalelayo ngezenzakalo, kodwa kunalokho ngezinqubo zomphakathi: ukukhethwa kolwazi, ukusetshenziswa kolimi, ukwakheka, kanye nobudlelwano bamandla obusebenza ngaphakathi kwezikhungo zezindaba kanye nomphakathi. Abezindaba abagcini nje ngokuba ngabathumeli bezindaba kodwa futhi bakhiqiza izincazelo ezithonya indlela esiqonda ngayo izinkinga, sihlole abalingisi bezenhlalo, futhi senze izinqumo.
Ngokuqonda ukwakhiwa kwezenhlalo, singaba izithameli ezigxeka kakhulu: ukungabaza umbono wabezindaba, ukufuna imithombo ehlukile, ukuqhathanisa izindaba, nokuqaphela ukuthi lokho okubonakala "kungokoqobo" kuvame ukuba ukwakhiwa. Esikhathini semidiya yedijithali esheshayo kanye nokuncintisana okukhulu kokunakwa, lokhu kuqwashisa kubalulekile ukuze abantu bangabanjwa kalula eqinisweni elakhiwe ohlangothini olulodwa kodwa kunalokho bakwazi ukwakha ukuqonda okulinganiselayo nokunomthwalo wemfanelo.
