Umthelela Wezenhlalo Wenguquko Yezimboni
Inguquko Yezimboni, eyaqala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 kuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, yayingesinye sezenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wesintu. Kusukela eNgilandi yabe isisabalala emhlabeni wonke, inguquko Yezimboni yashintsha kakhulu indlela abantu ababephila futhi besebenza ngayo. Nakuba abantu abaningi beqokomisa intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe nezomnotho eyaba khona, imiphumela yayo kwezenhlalo nayo yayijulile futhi ihlukahlukene. Lesi sihloko sizonikeza umbono ojulile ngomthelela wezenhlalo weNguquko Yezimboni, okuhlanganisa izinguquko esakhiweni sezenhlalo, izimo zokusebenza, ukuthuthela emadolobheni, kanye nomthelela wayo emindenini nasemiphakathini.
1. Izinguquko Ekwakhekeni Komphakathi
Ngaphambi kweNguquko Yezimboni, imiphakathi eminingi yaseYurophu naseNyakatho Melika yayithembele kwezolimo, ngezakhiwo zomphakathi ezizinzile nezihlelekile. Impilo yomphakathi yayivame ukugxiliswa emadolobhaneni amancane, futhi imisebenzi eyinhloko kwakuwukulima noma imisebenzi yezandla. Kodwa-ke, iNguquko Yezimboni yaletha izinguquko eziyisisekelo ezindleleni zokukhiqiza nokusabalalisa, ekugcineni yaguqula izakhiwo zomphakathi.
Ngokwethulwa kwemishini emisha kanye namasu okukhiqiza ngobuningi, izimboni ezifana nezindwangu, izimayini, kanye nokukhiqiza zakhula ngokushesha. Lokhu kwakha isigaba esisha sabasebenzi bezimboni abahlukile kubalimi bendabuko kanye nabasebenza ngezandla ezincane. Ukuvela kwesigaba sabasebenzi (isigaba sabasebenzi) kanye nesigaba sobungxowankulu (onxiwankulu) kwadala umehluko omkhulu engcebweni nasemandleni.
Igebe phakathi kwabacebile nabampofu landa, abanikazi bezimboni nosomabhizinisi bethola inzuzo enkulu, kuyilapho abasebenzi bevame ukubhekana nezimo zokusebenza ezimbi kanye namaholo aphansi. Lokhu kungalingani kwezenhlalo kwabe sekuqala izinhlangano ezahlukene zezenhlalo nezepolitiki, njengezinhlangano zabasebenzi kanye nemizamo yokuguqula umphakathi.
2. Izimo Zokusebenza Embonini
I-Industrial Revolution yayaziwa ngokusebenza kwayo kahle kokukhiqiza, kodwa lokhu kwakuvame ukubangela izindleko ezinkulu kubasebenzi. Izimo zokusebenza emafektri amaningi ngaleso sikhathi zingachazwa njengezinzima futhi ezingenabuntu. Izisebenzi, okuhlanganisa nabesifazane nezingane, zazivame ukusebenza amashifu amade angafinyelela emahoreni ayi-12 kuya kwangu-16 ngosuku. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaholo azo ayephansi kakhulu, ngokuvamile ayenganele ukondla imindeni yazo.
Lezi zimo zokusebenza ezinzima zenziwa zibe zimbi kakhulu ngenxa yendawo yokusebenza eyingozi. Amafektri avame ukungabi nezinyathelo zokuphepha, okwenza izingozi zomsebenzi kanye nokulimala kube yinto evamile. Amafektri amaningi anomoya ophansi, ukukhanya okwanele, kanye nemishini engenazo izivikelo zokuphepha.
Kodwa-ke, lesi simo sabangela ukugxekwa kwabasebenzi. Uchungechunge lweziteleka nemibhikisho lwaqala ukusabalala, lucindezela ohulumeni nabaqashi ukuba bathuthukise izimo zokusebenza futhi bamise imithetho yokuvikela abasebenzi. Emazweni amaningi, imithetho yezabasebenzi yasungulwa ukuthi amahora okusebenza alinganiselwe, kwavinjelwa ukuqashwa kwezingane, futhi kwamiswa amazinga okuphepha emsebenzini.
3. Ukufudukela emadolobheni
I-Industrial Revolution nayo yaletha izinguquko ezinkulu ekubalweni kwabantu kanye nesakhiwo samadolobha. Ukuthuthela emadolobheni, noma ukuthutha kwabantu besuka ezindaweni zasemakhaya beya emadolobheni, kwaba yinto ebalulekile ngaleso sikhathi. Njengoba kwakwakhiwa amafektri amasha nezimboni, abantu abaningi bashiya izimpilo zabo zasemakhaya bayofuna imisebenzi emadolobheni.
Ukukhula okusheshayo kwamadolobha kwakuvame ukungahambisani nokuhlelwa kwamadolobha okunengqondo. Amadolobha amaningi amakhulu ngaleso sikhathi, njengeLondon neManchester, abhekana nokwanda kwabantu ngokushesha, okwabangela izinkinga ezahlukahlukene zomphakathi nezemvelo. Izindawo zokuhlala zagcwala kakhulu, kwatholakala ukuthi kunezindawo zokuhlanzeka ezingafanele kanye nezindawo ezimbalwa.
Impilo ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni ezimijondolo ivame ukuba nzima. Imindeni eminingi ihlala ezindlini noma ezindlini ezigcwele abantu, lapho kungenamanzi ahlanzekile kanye nokunakekelwa kwempilo okulinganiselwe. Lokhu kuholela emazingeni aphezulu ezifo ezithelelanayo kanye nokufa, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni.
Kodwa-ke, lokhu kukhula kwedolobha kuletha nezinzuzo eziningana. Amadolobha aba yizikhungo zokusungula izinto ezintsha namasiko, ngokuvela kwezikhungo zemfundo ezahlukene, iminyuziyamu, amathiyetha, nezinye izikhungo zomphakathi. Ukushintshana ngemibono nolwazi nakho kuyashesha futhi kusebenze kahle, ekugcineni kunegalelo ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi kanye nentuthuko yomphakathi.
4. Umthelela Emndenini Nasemphakathini
Izinguquko zomnotho nezenhlalo ezilethwe yiNguquko Yezimboni nazo zathinta isakhiwo somndeni kanye nokuguquguquka kwawo. Ngaphambi kwenguquko, imindeni yayivame ukusebenza ndawonye emapulazini noma emabhizinisini ayo emisebenzi yezandla. Kodwa-ke, ngokushintshela komsebenzi ezimbonini nasezimbonini, izindima kanye nemithwalo yemfanelo emndenini kwaqala ukushintsha.
Amalungu amaningi omndeni, okuhlanganisa abesifazane nezingane, ajoyina abasebenzi basezimbonini. Lokhu kwashintsha izindima zomndeni zendabuko, kwathi abesifazane abaningi basebenza ngaphandle kwekhaya okokuqala. Nakuba lokhu kwanikeza amathuba ezomnotho emindenini, kwaletha nezinselele ezintsha, njengokuphatha izimali zasekhaya nokunakekela izingane.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngombala ophuzi, imiphakathi eminingi yendabuko iyahlukana njengoba abantu bethuthela emadolobheni amakhulu. Ukusekelwa komphakathi okunamandla ngaphambili phakathi komakhelwane nemindeni enwetshiwe kuqala ukuncipha njengoba abantu bejwayela indawo yasemadolobheni enobuntu futhi evame ukungaziwa.
5. Umthelela Wezamasiko Nobuhlakani
I-Industrial Revolution nayo yathonya indlela abantu ababecabanga futhi bewazisa ngayo umsebenzi onzima. Izindinganiso ezifana nokusebenza kahle, ukusungula izinto ezintsha, kanye nokukhiqiza zaziswa kakhulu emphakathini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvela kwesigaba sabasebenzi kanye nezinselele esasibhekene nazo kwaphefumulela izinhlangano eziningi zobuhlakani, kusukela kuKarl Marx noFriedrich Engels, ababhala ngobuningi kanye nomzabalazo wezigaba, kuya kubaguquli bezenhlalo ababefuna ukuthuthukisa izimo zokuphila nezokusebenza zabasebenzi.
Lokhu kuqwashisa okwandayo ngokungalingani kwezenhlalo nezomnotho nakho kwasiza ekwakheni izinhlangano ezahlukene zenhlalo nezepolitiki eziqhubeka nokuthinta umhlaba wanamuhla. Izinhlangano zamalungelo abasebenzi, ukulwela amalungelo abesifazane, kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuguqulwa kwezenhlalo nezomnotho kwathola umfutho phakathi nalesi sikhathi nangemva kwaso.
I-Penutup
Umthelela wezenhlalo weNguquko Yezimboni wawubaluleke kakhulu ngokungenakuphikwa. Kusukela ezinguqukweni zezakhiwo zomphakathi, ngokuvamile izimo zokusebenza ezingenabuntu, ukufuduka kwabantu emadolobheni okukhulu, kuya ezinguqukweni zemindeni kanye nomphakathi, lesi sikhathi saletha izinguquko ezinkulu ezakha izici eziningi zokuphila kwanamuhla.
Nakuba eziningi zalezi zinkinga zilethe izinselelo ezinkulu, zilethe nezinto eziningi ezintsha kanye nentuthuko emikhakheni eyahlukene. Lezi zinguquko ziqokomise amandla okuzivumelanisa nezimo kwabantu kanye nekhono lawo lokushayela ushintsho ukuze kuzuze bonke abantu. Kuze kube namuhla, ifa leNguquko Yezimboni liyaqhubeka nokuthonya indlela esiphila ngayo, esisebenza ngayo, futhi esisebenzisana ngayo emphakathini womhlaba wonke oyinkimbinkimbi futhi oxhumene.
