Umqondo we-Anomie ku-Sociology
I-sociology, njengesifundo, ilwela ukuqonda indwangu eyinkimbinkimbi yomphakathi kanye nokuziphatha kwabantu ngabanye ngaphakathi kwezimo ezahlukahlukene zomphakathi. Omunye wemibono ebalulekile kulo mzamo yi-"anomie," igama elethulwa nguyise osungula i-sociology, u-Émile Durkheim. I-Anomie ichaza isimo sokungabi namthetho, lapho izimiso zomphakathi kanye nezindinganiso ziwohloka khona, okuholela abantu ekudidekeni, ukungabi nanjongo, kanye nokudideka kokuziphatha. Lesi sihloko sigxila emqondweni we-anomie, isizinda sayo somlando, uhlaka lwethiyori, kanye nokufaneleka kwayo emphakathini wanamuhla.
Isizinda Somlando Nencazelo
U-Émile Durkheim wethula okokuqala umqondo we-anomie emisebenzini yakhe ebalulekile ethi “The Division of Labor in Society” (1893) kanye nethi “Suicide” (1897). Ngokuphathelene nokuthuthukiswa kwesimanje kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni, uDurkheim waphawula ukuthi izindinganiso nezindinganiso zendabuko ngokuvamile azikwazanga ukuhambisana nezinguquko zomphakathi ezisheshayo. Lokhu kubambezeleka kwaholela ekuwohlokeni kwemithetho yokuziphatha kanye nokubumbana komphakathi, okwabangela abantu ukuba bazizwe benqanyuliwe futhi behlukanisiwe.
UDurkheim uchaze i-anomie njengesimo lapho umphakathi wehluleka ukunikeza isiqondiso sokuziphatha esifanele kubantu ngabanye. Kwenzeka lapho izimiso zomphakathi kanye nokulindelekile kuphazamiseka, okudala isikhala lapho abantu belwela ukuthola indawo yabo kanye nenhloso yabo. Empeleni, i-anomie imelela ukungalingani phakathi kwezindinganiso zomuntu siqu noma zeqembu kanye nokulindela okubanzi komphakathi, okuholela esimweni sokungabi najwayelekile.
Uhlaka lwethiyori
Umbono kaDurkheim we-anomie uhlobene kakhulu nemibono yakhe ebanzi yezenhlalo. Waphikisana ngokuthi umphakathi unethonya elinamandla ekuziphatheni komuntu ngamunye nokuthi ubumbano lomphakathi lubalulekile ekugcineni ukuhleleka. UDurkheim uhlonze izinhlobo ezimbili zobumbano lomphakathi: ubumbano lomshini kanye nobumbano olungokwemvelo.
1. Ubumbano Lwemishini: Lolu hlobo lobumbano luyisici semiphakathi yezolimo yangaphambi kwesimanje. Lusekelwe kunembeza ohlangene lapho abantu babelana khona ngezinkolelo, izindinganiso, kanye nendlela yokuphila efanayo. Ubumbano lomphakathi lugcinwa ngokuhlangenwe nakho okufanayo kanye nezindinganiso eziqinile nezifanayo.
2. Ubumbano Lwemvelo: Emiphakathini yanamuhla, ethuthukile kwezimboni, ubumbano lwemvelo luyabusa. Lusekelwe ekuncintisaneni kwabantu abakhethekile abenza izindima ezahlukene. Nakuba lolu hlobo lobumbano lukhuthaza ukuhlukahluka kanye nobuntu, luphinde luholele ekubeni nonembeza obuthakathaka kanye nokuthambekela okukhulu kwe-anomie.
UDurkheim waveza umbono wokuthi umphakathi udinga ibhalansi phakathi kwemithethonqubo (izindinganiso, imithetho) kanye nokuhlanganiswa (ubudlelwano bomphakathi, ubudlelwano) ukuze usebenze kahle. I-anomie ivela lapho kukhona ukuntuleka kwemithethonqubo, okuholela ekuwohlokeni kokuhleleka komphakathi, noma ukuntuleka kokuhlanganiswa, okubangela ukuhlukaniswa nokungaxhumani phakathi kwabantu.
I-Anomie kanye Nemiphumela Yezenhlalo
Imiphumela ye-anomie ibanzi futhi inezici eziningi. I-anomie ingabonakala ngezindlela ezahlukene futhi ingaba nemiphumela ebalulekile kokubili kubantu ngabanye kanye nomphakathi wonke.
1. Impilo Yengqondo Nenhlalakahle: I-Anomie ingaholela emizweni yokungabi nanjongo, ukuhlukaniswa, kanye nokuphelelwa yithemba. Abantu ababhekene ne-anomie bangase babhekane nezinkinga zempilo yengqondo njengokucindezeleka nokukhathazeka. Umuzwa wokungagxili emphakathini obonakala unesiphithiphithi ungabhebhethekisa le mizwa, okuholela ekuwohlokeni kokucindezeleka ngokomzwelo.
2. Ukuphambuka Nobugebengu: Umqondo kaDurkheim we-anomie uhlobene kakhulu nokuziphatha okuphambukile. Lapho izindinganiso zomphakathi ziwohloka, abantu bangase basebenzise ukuziphatha okuphambukile noma kobugebengu njengendlela yokubhekana nokungaqiniseki okubangelwa yilokhu. I-anomie idala indawo evundile yobugebengu, njengoba abantu befuna ukugcwalisa isikhala esishiywe ukungabikho kweziqondiso zokuziphatha ezicacile.
3. Ukuzinza Komphakathi: Ezingeni lomphakathi, i-anomie ingalimaza ukuzinza komphakathi kanye nokubumbana. Umphakathi ohlushwa yi-anomie ungase ubhekane nokwanda kokuphazamiseka komphakathi, ukunyakaza kwemibhikisho, kanye nokungazinzi kwezepolitiki. Ukuntuleka kwezindinganiso nezindinganiso ezifanayo kuqeda ukwethembana ezikhungweni futhi kunciphisa isisekelo somphakathi.
Ukubaluleka Kwanamuhla Kwe-Anomie
Nakuba inkolelo-mbono kaDurkheim ye-anomie yavela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ukubaluleka kwayo kuyaqhubeka emphakathini wanamuhla. Isimanje siyaqhubeka nokuletha izinguquko zomphakathi ezisheshayo, eziqhutshwa intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, ukuhwebelana komhlaba wonke, kanye nezindinganiso zamasiko ezishintshashintshayo. Lezi zinguquko zingakhulisa imizwa ye-anomie ngezindlela ezahlukene.
1. Ukungalingani Kwezomnotho: Ezweni elikhula ngokushesha emhlabeni wonke, ukungalingani kwezomnotho kuye kwanda kakhulu. Ukungalingani kwemali engenayo kanye nokungaqiniseki kwemisebenzi kungabangela imizwa yokuzihlukanisa kanye nokungathandi, njengoba abantu belwela ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zomphakathi kanye nokulindelwe.
2. Inkathi Yedijithali Nezokuxhumana: Inkathi yedijithali ishintshe indlela abantu abaxhumana futhi abazibheka ngayo. Amapulatifomu ezokuxhumana, ngenkathi ekhuthaza ukuxhumana, angaqinisa nemizwa yokungafaneleki kanye nokungaxhumani. Izithombe eziqoqwe ngezimpilo zabanye zingadala amathemba angenakwenzeka, okubangela ukungakhululeki.
3. Ukuhlukana Kwezikhungo Zendabuko: Izikhungo zendabuko ezifana nomndeni, inkolo, kanye nomphakathi ziye zashintsha kakhulu. Ukuwohloka kwalezi zikhungo kungaholela ebuthakathakeni bezibopho zomphakathi kanye nokwanda kwe-anomie, njengoba abantu belwa nokuthola indawo yabo endaweni yezenhlalo eshintshayo.
Ukubhekana ne-Anomie
Ukubhekana ne-anomie kudinga indlela enezici eziningi. Ukuqinisa ubumbano lomphakathi kuhilela ukuqinisa kokubili imithetho kanye nokuhlanganiswa emphakathini.
1. Ukukhuthaza Izinqubomgomo Ezibandakanya Bonke: Ohulumeni nezikhungo kufanele bakhuthaze izinqubomgomo ezibhekana nokungalingani kwezomnotho, banikeze amathuba emfundo kanye nomsebenzi, futhi bakhe amanetha okuphepha kubantu abasengozini. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu banezindima ezizinzile nezinenjongo emphakathini kunganciphisa imizwa yokungathandi.
2. Ukukhuthaza Ukuxhumana Komphakathi: Ukukhuthaza ukuzibandakanya komphakathi kanye nokuxhumana komphakathi kungaqinisa izibopho zomphakathi. Ukudala izindawo zabantu ukuze baxhumane nabo, kungaba ngemisebenzi yomphakathi, ukuzithandela, noma amaqembu okusekelana, kungasiza ekulweni nemizwa yokuzihlukanisa.
3. Ukuzivumelanisa Nezinguquko Zezobuchwepheshe: Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka nokubumba izimpilo zethu, kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ulwazi lwedijithali kanye nokuqina. Ukukhuthaza ukuziphatha okunempilo ku-inthanethi nokukhuthaza ukuxhumana kwangempela kungasiza abantu ukuba babhekane nezinselele zesikhathi sedijithali.
Isiphetho
Umqondo we-anomie ku-sociology unikeza ukuqonda okujulile mayelana nokuguquguquka phakathi kwabantu nomphakathi. Imfundiso kaDurkheim iyaqhubeka nokuzwakala ezweni elibonakala ngokushintsha okusheshayo nokungaqiniseki. Njengoba sihamba ezinkingeni zokuphila kwanamuhla, ukubhekana ne-anomie kudinga umzamo wokubambisana wokuqinisa ubumbano lomphakathi, ukukhuthaza izinqubomgomo ezibandakanya wonke umuntu, nokukhuthaza ukuxhumana okunenjongo. Ngokuqonda nokubhekana nezimbangela eziyinhloko ze-anomie, singakha umphakathi oqinile futhi ovumelanayo kubo bonke.
