Ithiyori ye-kinetic yamagesi kanye nomthetho wokuqala we-thermodynamics - izinkinga nezixazululo

Ithiyori ye-kinetic yamagesi kanye nomthetho wokuqala we-thermodynamics - izinkinga nezixazululo

1. Amagesi afanele asesitsheni esinomthamo wamalitha ama-4 kanti umfutho waso ungama-atm ama-3 (1 atm = 10 ⁵ Nm ^-2 ). Amagesi afanele ashiswa ngomfutho ongaguquki kusukela ku-27 ^o C kuya ku-87 ^o C. Umthamo wokushisa wegesi ungama-9 JK ^-1 . Iyini ivolumu yokugcina yamagesi kanye noshintsho lwamandla angaphakathi amagesi?

Isixazululo

Inqubo ye-Isobaric (ingcindezi eqhubekayo)

Kwaziwa:

Umthamo wokuqala wegesi (V ₁ ) = amalitha angu-4

Izinga lokushisa lokuqala legesi (T1 ₎ = 27 ^o C + 273 = 300 K

Izinga lokushisa lokugcina legesi (T2 ₎ = 87 ^o C + 273 = 360 K

Ingcindezi yegesi (P) = 3 atm = 3 x 10 ⁵ Nm ^-2

Umthamo wokushisa wegesi (C) = 9 JK ^-1

Okufunwayo: Umthamo wokugcina wegesi (V ₂ ) kanye noshintsho lwamandla angaphakathi egesi (ΔU)

Isixazululo:

Thola ivolumu yokugcina usebenzisa i-equation yomthetho kaCharles (inqubo ye-isobaric noma ingcindezi engaguquki):

Ushintsho lwevolumu:

Ilitha eli-1 = 0.001 m ³

Umthamo wokuqala (V ₁ ) = 4 (0.001 m ³ ) = 0.004 m ³

Umthamo wokugcina (V ₂ ) = 4.8 (0.001 m ³ ) = 0.0048 m ³

Ushintsho kuvolumu (ΔV) = V ₂ – V ₁ = 0.0048 m ³ – 0.004 m ³ = 0.008 m ³.

Ushintsho lokushisa:

Ushintsho lokushisa (ΔT) = T ₂ – T ₁ = 360 K – 300 K = 60 K

Nquma ushintsho lwamandla angaphakathi (ΔU) wegesi efanelekile usebenzisa i-equation yomthetho wokuqala we-thermodynamics.

ΔU = Q - W

ΔU = ushintsho lwamandla angaphakathi, Q = ukushisa, W = umsebenzi

Nquma umsebenzi (W) ngokucindezela okungaguquki:

W = P ΔV = (3 x 10 ⁵ )(0.0008) = (3 x 10 ¹ )(8) = (30)(8) = 240 amaJoules

Thola ukushisa (Q) usebenzisa i-equation yamandla okushisa (C):

C = Q / ΔT

Q = (C)(ΔT) = (9)(60) = 540 Joules

Nquma ushintsho lwamandla angaphakathi:

ΔU = Q – W = 540 Joules – 240 Joules = 300 Joules.

2. Amalitha angu-6 amagesi afanele ku-2 atm asesitsheni (1 atm = 10 ⁵ Nm ^-2 ). Igesi ishiswa kusukela ku-27 ^o C kuya ku-77 ^o C ngokucindezela okungaguquki. Uma umthamo wokushisa wegesi ungu-5 JK ^-1 , liyini ivolumu yokugcina kanye noshintsho lwamandla angaphakathi egesi.

Isixazululo:

Inqubo ye-Isobaric (ingcindezi eqhubekayo)

Kwaziwa:

Umthamo wokuqala wamagesi afanele (V ₁ ) = amalitha ayi-6

Izinga lokushisa lokuqala lamagesi afanele (T1 ₎ = 27 ^o C + 273 = 300 K

Izinga lokushisa lokugcina lamagesi afanele (T2 ₎ = 77 ^o C + 273 = 350 K

Ukucindezela kwamagesi afanele (P) = 2 atm = 2 x 10 ⁵ Nm ^-2

Umthamo wokushisa wamagesi (C) = 5 JK ^-1

Okufunwayo: Umthamo wokugcina wegesi (V ₂ ) kanye noshintsho lwamandla angaphakathi egesi (ΔU)

Isixazululo:

Thola ivolumu yokugcina yegesi usebenzisa i-equation yomthetho kaCharles (inqubo ye-isobaric noma ingcindezi engaguquki):

Ushintsho lwevolumu:

Ilitha eli-1 = 0.001 m ³

Umthamo wokuqala (V ₁ ) = 6 (0.001 m ³ ) = 0.006 m ³

Umqulu wokugcina (V ₂ ) = 7 (0.001 m ³ ) = 0.007 m ³

Ushintsho kuvolumu (ΔV) = V ₂ – V ₁ = 0.007 m ³ – 0.006 m ³ = 0.001 m ³

Ushintsho lokushisa:

Ushintsho lokushisa (ΔT) = T ₂ – T ₁ = 350 K – 300 K = 50 K

Nquma ushintsho lwamandla angaphakathi (ΔU) amagesi afanele usebenzisa i-equation yomthetho wokuqala we-thermodynamics.

ΔU = Q - W

ΔU = ushintsho emandleni angaphakathi, Q = ukushisa, W = umsebenzi

Nquma umsebenzi (W) ngokucindezela okungaguquki:

W = P ΔV = (2 x 10 ⁵ )(0.001) = (2 x 10 ² )(1) = (200)(1) = 200 amaJoules

Thola ukushisa (Q) usebenzisa i-equation yamandla okushisa (C):

C = Q / ΔT

Q = (C)(ΔT) = (5)(50) = 250 Joules

Nquma ushintsho emandleni angaphakathi:

ΔU = Q – W = 250 Joules – 200 Joules = 50 Joules.

1. Yiziphi izincazelo eziyinhloko zenkolelo-mbono ye-kinetic yamagesi?
   • Impendulo: Ithiyori ye-kinetic yamagesi icabanga ukuthi: (a) Amagesi aqukethe inani elikhulu lezinhlayiya ezincane ezinyakazayo ngokungahleliwe; (b) Lezi zinhlayiya ziqhelelene kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nobukhulu bazo; (c) Ukungqubuzana phakathi kwezinhlayiya zegesi, noma phakathi kwezinhlayiya nezindonga zesitsha sayo, kuyanwebeka (okungukuthi, akukho mandla e-kinetic alahlekile); (d) Awekho amandla aphakathi kwama-molecule phakathi kwezinhlayiya zegesi; kanye (e) Amandla ajwayelekile e-kinetic ezinhlayiya zegesi alingana ngqo nokushisa okuphelele kwegesi.
2. Amandla ajwayelekile e-kinetic ama-molecule egesi ahlobene kanjani nokushisa kwegesi?
   • Impendulo: Amandla ajwayelekile e-kinetic ama-molecule egesi alingana ngqo nokushisa okuphelele (ku-Kelvin) kwegesi. Njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, amandla ajwayelekile e-kinetic ama-molecule nawo ayanda.
3. Iyini ukubaluleka kwe-absolute zero maqondana nokunyakaza kwama-molecule?
   • Impendulo: I-Absolute zero (0 Kelvin) ngokwethiyori izinga lokushisa lapho konke ukunyakaza kwama-molecule kuyeka khona. Limelela izinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu lapho kungekho lutho olungabanda khona futhi kungekho mandla okushisa ahlala entweni ethile.
4. Uyini umthetho wokuqala we-thermodynamics maqondana namandla angaphakathi, ukushisa, kanye nomsebenzi?
   • Impendulo: Umthetho wokuqala we-thermodynamics uthi ushintsho emandleni angaphakathi esistimu lulingana nokushisa okwengezwe ohlelweni ngaphandle komsebenzi owenziwe uhlelo ezindaweni ezizungezile: ΔU = Q – W.
5. Enqubweni ye-isochoric, kwenzekani emsebenzini owenziwe yisistimu noma ohlelweni?
   • Impendulo: Enqubweni ye-isochoric, ivolumu ihlala ingaguquki. Ngakho-ke, akukho msebenzi owenziwa yisistimu noma ohlelweni, njengoba umsebenzi ezimweni ezinjalo unikezwa umsebenzi wevolumu yokucindezela, okungaba yi-zero uma ivolumu ingashintshi.
6. Kusho ukuthini uma sithi igesi “iyinto efanelekile”?
   • Impendulo: Igesi "efanelekile" yileyo elandela umthetho wegesi ofanelekile (i-PV = nRT) ngaphansi kwazo zonke izimo zokushisa nokucindezela. Kusho futhi ukuthi igesi ilandela ngokuphelele izimiso zethiyori ye-kinetic, ngaphandle kwamandla aphakathi kwama-molecule kanye nokushayisana okunwebeka ngokuphelele.
7. Amagesi angempela ahluka kanjani ekuziphatheni kwamagesi afanele?
   • Impendulo: Amagesi angempela ayaphambuka ekuziphatheni okuhle kakhulu lapho kunezingcindezi eziphakeme kanye namazinga okushisa aphansi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuba khona kwamandla aphakathi kwama-molecule kanye nobukhulu obulinganiselwe bama-molecule egesi. Ukuphambuka kuchazwa yi-van der Waals equation kanye nezinye izilinganiso ezifanayo.

8. Kungani umthetho wokuqala we-thermodynamics ungacatshangwa njengomthetho wokulondolozwa kwemvelo?

   • Impendulo: Umthetho wokuqala we-thermodynamics ungabhekwa njengomthetho wokongiwa kwemvelo ngoba uthi amandla awakwazi ukudalwa noma ukubhujiswa, adluliselwa noma aguqulwe kuphela kusuka kwesinye isimo aye kwesinye. Lokhu kubonakalisa isimiso sokongiwa kwamandla.