1. Umthetho kaHooke weziphethu
Uma intwasahlobo idonswa ngakwesokudla, intwasahlobo izonwebeka futhi ikhule ngobude (isithombe 1). Uma amandla okudonsa engekho makhulu, kutholakala ukuthi ukwanda kobude bentwasahlobo (Δx) kuyalingana nobukhulu bamandla okudonsa (F). Ngamanye amazwi, lapho amandla okudonsa emakhulu, ubude bentwasahlobo bukhulu. Ukuqhathaniswa kobukhulu bamandla okudonsa (F) kanye nokwanda kobude bentwasahlobo (Δx) kuyaguquguquka.
Intwasahlobo idonswa ngakwesokudla ukuze ibe nokwanda kobude be-Δx. Ukwanda kobude bentwasahlobo kuhambisana namandla okudonsa.
Grafu yobudlelwano phakathi kwamandla (F) kanye nokwanda kobude bentwasahlobo (Δx), lapho u-F elingana no-Δx. Ukuqhathaniswa kuka-F no-Δx kuhlala njalo.
Isilinganiso samandla (F) nokwanda kobude bentwasahlobo (Δx) sikhonjiswa yigrafu efanayo (isithombe 2).
F / Δ x = k
F = k Δ x
U-k uyi-spring constant noma i-coefficient of spring elasticity. Lobu budlelwano baqala ukubonwa nguRobert Hooke (1635 - 1703) ngo-1678, ngakho-ke baziwa ngokuthi umthetho kaHooke.
Uma amandla asetshenziswa entwasahlobo edlula umkhawulo wokuqina kwentwasahlobo, ngemva kokuba amandla esusiwe ubude bentwasahlobo abubuyeli ebudeni bawo bokuqala. Umthetho kaHooke usebenza kuphela emkhawulweni wokuqina. Umkhawulo wokuqina kwentwasahlobo amandla aphezulu anganikwa entwasahlobo ngaphambi kokuba intwasahlobo ishintshe unomphela, futhi ubude bentwasahlobo abukwazi ukubuyela ebudeni bawo bokuqala. Uma amandla eqhubeka nokukhula, intwasahlobo yonakele.
2. Umthetho kaHooke wokungahlali entwasahlobo
Umthetho kaHooke usebenza nakuzo zonke izinto eziqinile. Uma entweni eqinile, kunikezwa amandla angaphandle, khona-ke into ishintsha isimo. Sixoxa ngezinguquko esimweni salezi zinto eziqinile sisebenzisa umqondo wokucindezeleka nokucindezeleka. Ukucindezeleka kusho amandla amandla abangela isimo sento ukuthi sishintshe. Ukucindezeleka kusho ukushintsha isimo sezinto ngenxa yokucindezeleka. Kutholakale ukuthi ngokucindezeleka okuncane nokucindezeleka, ukucindezeleka kuhambisana nokucindezeleka. Isilinganiso sokucindezeleka nokucindezeleka sihlala njalo, lapho lokhu kungalingani okuqhathanisayo kubizwa ngokuthi i-modulus of elasticity.
Ukucindezeleka / Ukucindezeleka = i-modulus enwebekayo
Lobu budlelwano bubizwa nangokuthi umthetho kaHooke, ngezimo ukucindezeleka kuyahambisana nokucindezeleka futhi isilinganiso phakathi kokucindezeleka nokucindezeleka asiguquki. Uma amandla asebenza entweni edlula ukuqina kwezinto, umthetho kaHooke awusebenzi. Umthetho kaHooke usebenza kuphela emikhawulweni yokuqina kwezinto.
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu ze-elastic modulus, i-Young's modulus, i-shear modulus, kanye ne-bulk modulus.
2.1 I-Young's Modulus
Uma zombili iziphetho zekhebula, ucingo, noma intambo zidonswa ngamandla ngobukhulu obufanayo kanye nohlangothi oluphambene, ikhebula, ucingo, noma intambo isesimweni sokucindezeleka. Izibonelo empilweni yansuku zonke ezihlobene nalokhu zifaka phakathi intambo ebamba abakhweli bamadwala, ucingo olubamba izinyusi, izintambo, noma imigqa yemithwalo noma izitsha ezihlelweni zokulayisha nokulayisha emikhunjini, njll. Izintambo zokucindezeleka, izintambo, noma izintambo zithola ukucindezeleka kokucindezeleka ngenxa yokucindezeleka kokucindezeleka. Sichaza ukucindezeleka kokucindezeleka njengesilinganiso samandla okucindezeleka (F) endaweni enqamulayo yento (A). Ngenkathi, ukucindezeleka kokucindezeleka kuchazwa njengesilinganiso sokukhuphuka kobude (Δl) nobude bokuqala bento (lo). I-Young's Modulus iyisilinganiso sokucindezeleka kokucindezeleka kokucindezeleka kokucindezeleka.
Ukucindezela kokudonsa / ukucindezeleka kokudonsa = i-modulus kaYoung
F/A: Δl/lo = Y
Uma ingcindezi yokudonsa incane, ubude bento buzobuyela esimweni esijwayelekile ngemva kokuba amandla esusiwe. Uma ingcindezi yokudonsa idlula ukuqina kwento, ubude bento abubuyeli esimweni esijwayelekile ngemva kokuba amandla esusiwe. Uma ingcindezi yokudonsa iqhubeka nokwanda, into izophuka.
2.2 Imodulus yokugunda
Beka incwadi ebanzi phezu kwetafula. Beka isandla sakho phezu kwencwadi bese ucindezela ubuso bencwadi phambili. Ukusunduza kwakho kusebenza phezu kwencwadi kanye nokuqondisa kwayo phambili, kuhambisana nobuso bencwadi. Ubuso obungaphansi bencwadi bugcinwa buthule ngokungqubuzana okungaguquki ohlangothini oluphambene nokusunduza. Ekuqaleni, ukuma kwencwadi kwakuyisikwele noma unxande, ngemva kokusunduzwa, ukuma kwencwadi kwaphenduka kwaba yi-parallelogram. Izinguquko esimweni sencwadi ziyisibonelo esisodwa sokuvela kokucindezelwa kokusunduza ngenxa yokuba khona kwengcindezi yokusunduza.
Ukucindezela kokusika kuchazwa njengesilinganiso samandla (F) endaweni engaphezulu (A) eshintshwayo. Ukucindezeleka kokusika kuchazwa njengesilinganiso sika-Δx ekuphakameni kwento (h). Isilinganiso sokucindezela kokusika kokusika kokusika sibizwa ngokuthi i-shear modulus.
Ukucindezela kokugunda/ukucindezeleka kokugunda = I-modulus yokugunda
F/A: Δx/h = Imodulus yokugunda
2.3 I-Bulk Modulus
Kwifilimu eqoshiwe mayelana neMpi Yezwe II, kunezigcawu zempi olwandle kusetshenziswa imikhumbi-ngwenya. Ngenxa yokuthi ifuna ukucashela imikhumbi-ngwenya yesitha, imikhumbi-ngwenya yesizwe iyacwila ijule kakhulu futhi ifinyelele cishe phansi kolwandle. Ngokumangazayo, udonga lwemikhumbi-ngwenya lwaqhekeka kangangokuthi amanzi olwandle angena ngaphakathi kwemikhumbi-ngwenya. Udonga lwemikhumbi-ngwenya lwaqhekeka ngenxa yengcindezi amanzi olwandle ayesebenza ngayo ebusweni bemikhumbi-ngwenya. Ingcindezi yamanzi olwandle ilingana nokujula kwamanzi olwandle. Lapho ukucwila kujula, kulapho ingcindezi yamanzi olwandle ebhekana nayo inkulu. Uma ukwakhiwa kodonga lwemikhumbi-ngwenya kungaqinile, udonga lwemikhumbi-ngwenya luzoqhekeka.
Indaba yomkhumbi-ngwenya owaqhekeka ngenxa yokucindezela kwamanzi olwandle ebusweni bawo bonke iyisibonelo sento ebhekene nokucindezeleka kwevolumu ngenxa yokucindezela kwevolumu. Ukucindezela kwevolumu kuchazwa njengesilinganiso samandla aphelele (F) asebenza ebusweni bonke bento endaweni engaphezulu (A) yento. Ukucindezeleka kwevolumu kuchazwa njengesilinganiso sokunciphisa ivolumu (-ΔV) kumthamo wokuqala (Vo) wento. Isilinganiso sokucindezela sevolumu kukucindezeleka kwevolumu sibizwa ngokuthi i-bulk modulus.
Ukucindezela kwevolumu / ukucindezeleka kwevolumu = i-bulk modulus
– ΔF/A: ΔV/V o = i-bulk modulus
Izinto eziqinile neziwuketshezi zine-bulk modulus, kodwa izinto eziqinile kuphela ezine-Young's modulus kanye ne-shear modulus.
