Umjikelezo we-Carnot - izinkinga nezixazululo

Umjikelezo we-Carnot - izinkinga nezixazululo

1. Uma ukushisa kudonswa yinjini (Q ₁ ) = 10,000 Joules, yimuphi umsebenzi owenziwa yinjini yeCarnot?

Kwaziwa:

Izinga lokushisa eliphansi (T2 ₎ = 400 K

Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme (T1 ₎ = 800 K

Okokufaka ukushisa (Q ₁ ) = 10,000 Joules

Okufunwayo: Umsebenzi owenziwe yinjini yeCarnot (W)

Isixazululo:

Ukusebenza kahle kwenjini yeCarnot:

Umsebenzi wenziwe yinjini yeCarnot:

W = e Q ₁

W = (1/2)(10,000) = 5000 amaJoules

2.

Ngokusekelwe kugrafu engenhla, yimuphi umsebenzi owenziwa yinjini emjikelezweni?

Kwaziwa:

Izinga lokushisa eliphansi (T _L ) = 400 K

Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme (TH ₎ = 600 K

Okokufaka ukushisa (Q ₁ ) = 600 Joules

Okufunwayo: Umsebenzi wenziwe yinjini yeCarnot (W)

Isixazululo:

Ukusebenza kahle kwenjini yeCarnot:

Umsebenzi owenziwe yinjini yeCarnot:

W = e Q ₁

W = (1/3)(600) = 200 amaJoules

3. Ngokusekelwe kugrafu engezansi, iyini ukusebenza kahle kwenjini yeCarnot?

Kwaziwa:

Izinga lokushisa eliphansi (T _L ) = 350 K

Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme (TH ₎ = 500 K

Okufunwayo: Ukusebenza kahle kwenjini yeCarnot (e)

Isixazululo:

Ukusebenza kahle kwenjini yeCarnot:

e = (TH _– TH ₎ / _TH

e = (500 – 350) / 500

e = 150 / 500

e =0.3

e = 30/100 = 30%

4. Ngokusekelwe kugrafu engezansi, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lenjini yokushisa lingu-600 K kanti izinga lokushisa eliphansi lingu-400 K. Uma umsebenzi owenziwe yinjini ungu-W, ungakanani umphumela wokushisa.

Kwaziwa:

Izinga lokushisa eliphansi (T _L ) = 400 K

Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme (TH ₎ = 600 K

Okufunwayo: umphumela wokushisa ( _Q2 )

Isixazululo:

Ukusebenza kahle kwenjini yeCarnot:

e = (TH _– TH ₎ / _TH

e = (600 – 400) / 600

e = 200 / 600

e = 1/3

Umsebenzi owenziwe yinjini yeCarnot:

W = e Q ₁

W = umsebenzi owenziwe yinjini, e = ukusebenza kahle, Q1 = ukufakwa kokushisa

W = (1/3)(Q ₁ )

3W = Q ₁

Ukushisa okukhiphayo:

Umbuzo ₂ = Umbuzo ₁ – U

Q ₂ = 3W – W

Q ₂ = 2W

5. Ngokusekelwe kugrafu engezansi, uma umphumela wokushisa ungama-Joules angu-3000, kuyini okufakwayo kokushisa.

Kwaziwa:

Izinga lokushisa eliphansi (T)_L) = 500 K

Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme (TH ₎ = 800 K

Ukukhishwa kokushisa (Q ₂ ) = 3000 Joules

Okufunwayo: Ukufakwa kokushisa (Q ₁ )

Isixazululo:

Ukusebenza kahle kwenjini yeCarnot:

e = (TH _– TH ₎ / _TH

e = (800 – 500) /8600

e = 300 / 800

e = 3/8

Umsebenzi owenziwe yinjini yeCarnot:

W = e Q ₁

W = (3/8)(Q ₁ )

8W/3 = Q ₁

Umbuzo ₂ = Umbuzo ₁ – U

Q ₂ = 8W/3 – 3W/3

Q ₂ = 5W/3

3Q ₂ = 5W

W = 3Q ₂ /5 = 3(3000)/5 = 9000/5 = 1800

Ukushisa okumuncwa yinjini:

Umbuzo ₁ = W + Umbuzo ₂ = 1800 + 3000 = 4800 Joules

6. Injini yeCarnot imunca ukushisa lapho izinga lokushisa liphezulu liyi-800 Kelvin kanti ukusebenza kahle kwenjini yeCarnot kungu-50%. Liyini izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lokwandisa ukusebenza kahle lifike ku-80% uma izinga lokushisa eliphansi ligcinwa linjalo.

Kwaziwa:

Uma izinga lokushisa eliphezulu (TH ₎ = 800 K, ukusebenza kahle (e) = 50% = 0.5

Okufunwayo: Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu (TH ₎ uma ukusebenza kahle (e) = 80% = 0.8

Isixazululo:

Izinga lokushisa eliphansi = 400 Kelvin

Liyini izinga lokushisa eliphezulu (TH ₎ uma ukusebenza kahle (e) = 80%?

Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme = 2000 Kelvin

7. Injini yeCarnot isebenza ekushiseni okuphezulu okungu-600 Kelvin kanye nokusebenza kahle okungu-40%. Uma ukusebenza kahle kwenjini kungu-75% futhi izinga lokushisa eliphansi ligcinwa linjalo, liyini izinga lokushisa eliphezulu?

Kwaziwa:

Uma izinga lokushisa eliphezulu (TH ₎ = 600 K, ukusebenza kahle (e) = 40% = 0.4

Okufunwayo: Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu (TH ₎ uma ukusebenza kahle (e) = 75% = 0.75

Isixazululo:

Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu (T)_H) uma ukusebenza kahle (e) = 75% ?

Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme = 1440 Kelvin

1. Uyini umjikelezo weCarnot? Impendulo: Umjikelezo weCarnot uwumjikelezo we-thermodynamic osekelwe kumbono omelela umjikelezo wenjini yokushisa oguquguqukayo osebenza kahle kakhulu. Uqukethe izinqubo ezimbili ze-isothermal kanye nezinqubo ezimbili ze-adiabatic.
2. Kungani umjikelezo weCarnot ubhekwa njengomjikelezo ofanele? Impendulo: Umjikelezo weCarnot ubhekwa njengofanele ngoba umelela umkhawulo ophezulu wokusebenza kahle kwanoma iyiphi injini yokushisa. Ayikho injini yangempela engasebenza kahle kakhulu kunenjini yeCarnot esebenza phakathi kwamachibi amabili okushisa afanayo.
3. Yiziphi izinqubo ezine emjikelezweni weCarnot? ImpenduloIzinqubo ezine emjikelezweni weCarnot yilezi:
   1. Ukwanda kwe-isothermal ekushiseni okuphezulu T_H​.
   2. Ukwandiswa kwe-Adiabatic (lapho uhlelo lufakwa khona ukushisa futhi luphola).
   3. Ukucindezelwa kwe-isothermal ekushiseni okuphansi T_C​.
   4. Ukucindezelwa kwe-Adiabatic (lapho uhlelo lufakwa khona ukushisa futhi lushisa).
4. Kungani kungekho injini yokushisa yangempela esebenza kumjikelezo weCarnot? Impendulo: Izinjini zangempela zinokulahlekelwa okungenakuguqulwa, njengokungqubuzana, futhi azikwazi ukugcina ukufudumala okuphelele ngesikhathi sezinqubo ze-adiabatic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungaba nzima ukufeza izinqubo ze-isothermal ezihamba kancane ezidingwa umjikelezo weCarnot.
5. Iyini ukusebenza kahle kwenjini yeCarnot? Impendulo: Ukusebenza kahle $\eta$ yenjini yeCarnot esebenza phakathi kwamachibi amabili okushisa T_H​ (kushisa) kanye T_C​ (kubanda) kunikezwa ngu:
   η=1-T_C/T_H​​​

   lapho amazinga okushisa e-Kelvin.

6. Kungani injini yeCarnot ingenakusebenza kahle okungu-100%? Impendulo: Ukusebenza kahle kwenjini yeCarnot kuncike ekwehlukeni kwezinga lokushisa phakathi kwama-reservoirs ashisayo nabandayo. Ukuze kufezwe ukusebenza kahle okungu-100%, izinga lokushisa le-reservoirs ebandayo kuzodingeka libe yi-zero ngokuphelele (0 Kelvin), okuyinto engenakufinyeleleka ekusebenzeni.
7. Kubaluleke ngani ukuguquguquka emjikelezweni weCarnot? Impendulo: Ukuguqulwa kuqinisekisa ukuthi azikho izinqubo ezikhiqiza i-entropy, okusho ukuthi umjikelezo ungasebenza kahle kakhulu. Noma iyiphi inqubo engenakulungiseka inganciphisa ukusebenza kahle komjikelezo.
8. Umjikelezo weCarnot uhlobene kanjani nomthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics? Impendulo: Umjikelezo weCarnot usekela uMthetho Wesibili ngokubeka umkhawulo ophezulu ekusebenzeni kahle kwezinjini zokushisa. UMthetho Wesibili uthi ayikho injini engasebenza kahle kakhulu kunenjini yeCarnot esebenza phakathi kwamazinga okushisa amabili afanayo.
9. Kungani kungenakwenzeka ukuba nezinqubo ze-isothermal ezinhlelweni zangempela njengoba zibonakala kumjikelezo weCarnot? Impendulo: Inqubo ye-isothermal, njengoba iboniswe kumjikelezo we-Carnot, idinga isikhathi esingenamkhawulo, okuyinto engenakwenzeka ekusetshenzisweni kwangempela. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukuze kulondolozwe isimo se-isothermal, ukudluliselwa kokushisa kufanele kwenzeke kancane kancane.

10. Umjikelezo weCarnot ubasiza kanjani onjiniyela nososayensi? Impendulo : Umjikelezo weCarnot unikeza isilinganiso somqondo sokusebenza kahle okukhulu kwezinjini zokushisa. Ngokuqhathanisa izinjini zangempela nomjikelezo weCarnot, onjiniyela nososayensi bangabona izindawo okufanele zithuthukiswe futhi baqonde imikhawulo eyisisekelo yemiklamo yabo.