Ukuhlukaniswa Kwesimo Sezulu Ngokusekelwe Ezindaweni
Isimo sezulu yisimo sezulu esimaphakathi esenzeka esifundeni isikhathi eside. I-Climatology, isifundo sesimo sezulu, sibhekwa njengesibalulekile ngoba sinomthelela omkhulu ezintweni eziphilayo, empilweni yabantu, kanye nomsebenzi wezomnotho. Emzamweni wokuqonda isimo sezulu, ososayensi bavame ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zokuhlukanisa ukuze bahlukanise izimo zezulu zibe amaqembu afanayo. Enye yezinhlelo zokuhlukanisa ezivame kakhulu uhlelo lokuhlukanisa isimo sezulu sendawo. Lesi sihloko sizochaza futhi sichaze uhlelo lokuhlukanisa isimo sezulu sendawo, njengoba luthandwa uhlelo lokuhlukanisa i-Köppen kanye nokuguqulwa kwalo okulandelayo.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Köppen
Uhlelo Lokuhlukaniswa Kwesimo Sezulu lwe-Köppen luyindlela eyaziwayo yokuchaza izimo zezulu ezindaweni ezahlukene zomhlaba. Lwasungulwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 yisazi sesimo sezulu saseJalimane uWladimir Köppen, lolu hlelo luye lwathuthukiswa ososayensi abaningi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Uhlelo lwe-Köppen luhlukanisa izimo zezulu ngokusekelwe ekushiseni kwaminyaka yonke kanye nenyanga kanye nemvula. Kunezigaba ezinhlanu eziyinhloko ohlelweni lwe-Köppen, eziqokwe ngezinhlamvu zesiLatini kanye namakhodi engeziwe ukuze kuhlukaniswe ngokuningiliziwe.
a. Isimo Sezulu Esishisayo (A)
Izimo zezulu zasezindaweni ezishisayo zinezinga lokushisa eliphakeme eliphakathi nonyaka, elingaphezu kuka-18°C. Le ndawo inezindawo ezincane ezahlukahlukene, njenge:
– Af (Ihlathi Lemvula LaseTropical): Lesi sifunda sinemvula engaguquki unyaka wonke. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi isifunda sase-Amazon eNingizimu Melika kanye nezindawo eziphansi zase-Indonesia.
– Am (Imvula Eshisayo): Iba nesizini enkulu yemvula kanye nesizini emfushane yesomiso. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi i-India ne-Thailand.
– Aw (Tropical Savanna): Le ndawo inesizini ehlukile yesomiso kanye nesizini enkulu yemvula. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi iBrazil kanye nezingxenye ze-Sub-Saharan Africa.
b. Isimo Sezulu Esomile (B)
Izimo zezulu ezomile zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili ezincane: ugwadule (BW) kanye ne-steppe (BS). Lezi zimo zezulu zibonakala ngamazinga aphezulu okuphuma kwamanzi emoyeni kunemvula.
– BWh (Ihlane Elishisayo): Njengehlane laseSahara kanye nehlane lase-Arabia.
– BWk (Ugwadule Olubandayo): Isibonelo, ugwadule lwasePatagonian e-Argentina.
– BSh (Hot Steppe): Isibonelo, iSteppe eNyakatho Afrika.
– BSk (Ama-Cold Steppes): Isibonelo yizindawo eziluhlaza zaseKazakhstan.
c. Isimo Sezulu Esinomswakama Esingaphansi Kwezimo Ezishisayo (C)
Lesi simo sezulu sinehlobo elishisayo kanye nobusika obumanzi. Izigaba ezincane zesimo sezulu se-C zifaka:
– I-Cfa (Indawo Enomswakama Engaphansi Kwezishisayo Engenaso Isikhathi Sokomisa): Izibonelo yizingxenye ze-United States njengeGeorgia kanye neningi laseNingizimu yeShayina.
– Cfb (Isimo Sezulu Sasolwandle SaseNtshonalanga Yurophu Esinehlobo Elipholile): Izindawo ezifana ne-UK kanye nezingxenye zaseNyakatho-ntshonalanga yeYurophu.
– Csa/Csb (Isimo Sezulu saseMedithera Esinehlobo Elomile): Izibonelo zifaka phakathi iCalifornia kanye nengxenye enkulu yesifunda saseMedithera.
d. Isimo Sezulu Sezwekazi (D)
Izimo zezulu zase-Continental zinokuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa phakathi kwehlobo nobusika futhi zithola inani elifanele lemvula unyaka wonke.
– Dfa/Dfb (Umswakama Wezwekazi): Izibonelo yilezi enyakatho ye-United States kanye nengxenye enkulu yeMpumalanga Yurophu.
– I-Dwa/Dwb (Izwekazi Elibandayo Elinehlobo Elomile): Isibonelo eManchuria nasezingxenyeni ezithile zeRussia.
e. Isimo Sezulu Esimaphakathi Nezwe (E)
Izimo zezulu zase-polar zibonakala ngamazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu unyaka wonke, futhi zihlanganisa:
– ET (Tundra): Izibonelo yiNyakatho ye-Alaska kanye neNyakatho yeSiberia.
– I-EF (Indawo engaphakathi ye-Antarctica neGreenland): Lesi sifunda cishe sihlala siqandisiwe yiqhwa elihlala njalo.
2. Ithonya Lesimo Sezulu Ekuphileni Nasezindaweni Ezizungezile
Indawo ngayinye yesimo sezulu inomthelela ohlukile empilweni yabantu kanye nezindawo zemvelo. Isibonelo, izimo zezulu ezishisayo ezinomswakama zisekela ukuhlukahluka okuningi kwezinto eziphilayo , kuyilapho ugwadule olomile lubeka inselele ekusindeni kwezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane. Isimo sezulu siphinde sithonye ezolimo, ingqalasizinda, kanye namasiko abantu. Izifunda ezinesimo sezulu esiphansi zibhekene nezinselele ezifana nokushisa nokushisa izakhiwo, kuyilapho izifunda ezishisayo zibhekene nezinselele zokupholisa kanye nemithombo yamanzi.
3. Ukuzivumelanisa Nokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu
Ngaphandle kokuqonda ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba, kubalulekile futhi ukuqonda ukuthi abantu kanye nezindawo zemvelo zivumelana kanjani nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kwamanje, okubonakala ngokushisa okuphezulu komhlaba wonke kanye namaphethini emvula ashintshashintshayo, kuphoqa amazwe amaningi kanye nemiphakathi ukuthi bavumelanise izindlela zabo zezolimo, bandise ubuchwepheshe obusha ekuncishisweni kwesimo sezulu, futhi balungise izinqubomgomo namasu okuphathwa kwezinsiza.
4. Isiphetho
Ukuhlukaniswa kwesimo sezulu ngokusekelwe ezindaweni zezwe kuyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuqonda nokubikezela ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nomthelela waso emvelweni nasekuphileni kwabantu. Uhlelo lwe-Köppen, ngokucaca kwalo kanye nemininingwane yalo, lunikeza umhlahlandlela ophelele wokuhlukaniswa kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni jikelele. Ngokuqonda okuqinile kwesimo sezulu nemiphumela yaso, singaphatha kahle imithombo yemvelo, sihlele intuthuko, futhi sibhekane nezinselele ezibangelwa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni jikelele.
Ngalolu lwazi, singalwela hhayi nje ukusinda kuphela kodwa futhi nokuchuma naphezu kwezimo zemvelo ezahlukahlukene ezikhona emhlabeni wethu. Lokhu kuhamba kudinga futhi ukuthi sisekele izinqubomgomo nemikhuba eqhubekayo ukuqinisekisa inhlalakahle yezizukulwane ezizayo.
