Amasu Okulinganisa Imvula Nezicelo Zawo
I-Pendahuluan
Imvula iyinto ebalulekile emjikelezweni wamanzi futhi ithinta kakhulu impilo eMhlabeni. Ukulinganisa imvula kubalulekile emikhakheni ehlukahlukene njengezolimo, ukuphathwa kwemithombo yamanzi, i-meteorology, kanye nokunciphisa izinhlekelele. Ukulinganisa imvula kuhilela amasu ahlukahlukene kanye nemishini eqhubeka nokukhula ngentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngamasu ahlukahlukene okulinganisa imvula kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo emikhakheni ehlukahlukene.
Amasu Okulinganisa Imvula
1. Isilinganiso Semvula Esenziwa Ngesandla
a. Isilinganiso Semvula
Igeyiji yemvula iyithuluzi elilula elisetshenziselwa ukukala imvula. Liqukethe isitsha esiyisilinda esinophahla oluvulekile lokubamba amanzi emvula. Amanzi emvula aqoqiwe abe eselinganiswa kusetshenziswa isikali esikuleli thuluzi.
b. Isilinganiso Semvula Esijwayelekile
Amageyiji emvula ajwayelekile asetshenziswa kakhulu yi-Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge kanye ne-Weighing Rain Gauge. Amageyiji emvula e-Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge asebenza ngokuqondisa amanzi emvula esitsheni esincane esitshekisa futhi sithulule okuqukethwe kwaso uma sesigcwele. Isikhathi ngasinye lapho isitsha sitshekisa, indlela ethile iwabala njengeyunithi eyodwa yokulinganisa. Amageyiji emvula alinganisa isisindo samanzi emvula aqoqwe esitsheni, abese eguqulwa abe yivolumu noma ukuphakama kwemvula.
2. Isilinganiso Semvula Esizenzakalelayo
a. Iziteshi Zesimo Sezulu Ezizenzakalelayo (AWS)
I-AWS iyidivayisi ezenzakalelayo ehlonyiswe ngezinzwa ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ama-rain gauge. Lezi zinzwa zingabika idatha yesimo sezulu ngesikhathi sangempela bese ziyithumela esikhungweni sedatha ukuze ihlaziywe.
b. I-Disdrometer
I-disdrometer iyithuluzi elilinganisa inani, usayizi, kanye nesivinini sezinhlayiya zemvula eziwayo. Lobu buchwepheshe busebenzisa ama-laser noma i-ultrasound ukuthola amaconsi emvula, abese ehlaziywa ukuze kutholakale imvula.
3. Ubunjiniyela besathelayithi
Amasathelayithi e-Meteorological ahlonyiswe ngezinzwa eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingalinganisa imvula ezindaweni ezinkulu. Le ndlela iwusizo kakhulu ekulinganiseni imvula ezindaweni okunzima ukuzifinyelela. Idatha evela kulawa masathelayithi ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukumaka amaphethini emvula yomhlaba wonke kanye nokuqapha isimo sezulu ngesikhathi sangempela.
4. I-Radar Yesimo Sezulu
Ama-radar ezulu athumela amaza omsakazo emkhathini futhi athole amaza abonakala emuva yizinhlayiya eziphuma emoyeni, njengamaconsi emvula. Kusukela kule datha ebonakalisiwe, inani kanye nobukhulu bemvula kungatholakala. Ama-radar ezulu awusizo kakhulu ekuqapheni isimo sezulu ngesikhathi sangempela kanye nokuxwayisa kusenesikhathi ngezinhlekelele zezulu ezifana neziphepho kanye nemvula enkulu.
Isicelo Sokulinganisa Imvula
1. Ezolimo
Kwezolimo, izilinganiso zemvula zisetshenziselwa ukunquma izidingo zokunisela nokuphatha imithombo yamanzi ngempumelelo. Abalimi bangashintsha imikhuba yabo yokutshala ngokusekelwe kudatha yemvula, njengokunquma isikhathi esingcono sokutshala noma ukuvuna izitshalo. Lokhu kungandisa isivuno sezitshalo futhi kunciphise ingozi yokulahlekelwa ngenxa yezimo zezulu ezingalindelekile.
2. Ukuphathwa Kwemithombo Yamanzi
Idatha yemvula ibalulekile ekuphathweni kwemithombo yamanzi. Lolu lwazi lusetshenziselwa ukuphatha amadamu, amadamu, kanye nezinhlelo zokunisela. Ngokuqonda amaphethini emvula, abaphathi bemithombo yamanzi bangahlela ukusatshalaliswa kwamanzi okuphumelelayo futhi bavimbele isomiso noma izikhukhula.
3. Ukunciphisa Izinhlekelele
Ukulinganiswa kwemvula kudlala indima ebalulekile ekunciphiseni izinhlekelele, njengezikhukhula nokudilika komhlaba. Idatha yemvula enembile ingasetshenziswa ukubikezela nokuqapha izimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu. Izexwayiso zakuqala ezisekelwe kulolu lwazi zingasiza imiphakathi ukuthi ithathe izinyathelo zokuphepha ezidingekayo ukuze inciphise umthelela wezinhlekelele ezinjalo.
4. Ucwaningo Nentuthuko
Idatha yemvula isetshenziswa ocwaningweni lwesayensi ukutadisha amaphethini esimo sezulu kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Abacwaningi bangahlaziya idatha evela ezifundeni ezahlukene ukuze baqonde ukuthi ushintsho lwesimo sezulu luthinta kanjani imvula kanye nomjikelezo wamanzi jikelele. Lolu cwaningo lungazisa izinqubomgomo namasu okubhekana nemiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
5. Uhlelo Lokukhipha Amanzi Emadolobheni
Ukuphatha izinhlelo zokudonsa amanzi emadolobheni kudinga idatha yemvula enembile ukuvimbela izikhukhula ezibangelwa yimvula enkulu. Ulwazi lwemvula lungasetshenziswa ukuklama nokuphatha ingqalasizinda yokudonsa amanzi esebenza kahle, okuhlanganisa iziteshi zamanzi namaphampu.
6. Amandla kagesi aphuma emanzini
Ukulinganiswa kwemvula kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwezitshalo zamanzi kanye nokuhlela. Ukubikezela imvula okunembile kungenza ngcono ukusebenza kwamachibi namadamu ukuze kukhiqizwe ugesi ngempumelelo. Lokhu kungasiza futhi ekuvimbeleni izikhukhula kanye nokuntuleka kwamanzi okungathinta ukukhiqizwa kukagesi.
Izinselele Ekulinganisweni Kwemvula
1. Ukuguquguquka Kwendawo Nesikhashana
Imvula iyahlukahluka kakhulu kokubili ngesikhala nangesikhathi. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukuthola idatha emele usebenzisa indlela eyodwa kuphela noma ithuluzi lokulinganisa endaweni eyodwa. Ngakho-ke, inhlanganisela yezindlela ezahlukene zokulinganisa kanye nokusatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo kwezinsimbi zokulinganisa kubalulekile.
2. Ukulinganisa Nokunakekela Imishini
Ukugcinwa nokulinganiswa kwamageyiji emvula kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa idatha enembile. Lawa mathuluzi kumele anakekelwe njalo ukuze kuvinjelwe umonakalo futhi kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle.
3. Iphutha Lokungaqiniseki Nokulinganisa
Zonke izindlela zokulinganisa zinezinga elithile lokungaqiniseki kanye nephutha. La maphutha angavela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, njengephutha lomuntu, ukulinganiswa kwemishini, noma izimo zemvelo ezimbi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlaziywa kanye nokuchazwa kwedatha yemvula kumele kuthathwe ngokuqapha.
Isiphetho
Ukulinganisa imvula kuyisici esibalulekile sokuqapha isimo sezulu kanye nokuphathwa kwemithombo yemvelo. Naphezu kwezinselelo eziningi, amasu okulinganisa imvula kanye nobuchwepheshe buyaqhubeka nokukhula ukuze buhlinzeke ngedatha enembile nethembekile. Izicelo zokulinganisa imvula zibanzi, zihlanganisa ezolimo, ukuphathwa kwemithombo yamanzi, ukunciphisa izinhlekelele, ucwaningo lwesayensi, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukisa amasu okulinganisa imvula kuwukutshalwa kwezimali okubalulekile kwekusasa eliphephile nelizinzile.
