Ukulinganisa ukuqina kwesiphepho kusetshenziswa isikali se-Fujita
Iziphepho zivame ukuvela ngokuzumayo, zihambe ngokushesha, futhi zishiye umonakalo obonakala ungahleliwe ebusweni. Kodwa-ke, kubabikezeli bezulu kanye nabacwaningi bezinhlekelele, iphethini yomonakalo empeleni igcina ulwazi olubalulekile: ukuthi imimoya yayinamandla kangakanani, ukuthi isiphepho sithathe isikhathi esingakanani, kanye nengozi yokuthi isenzakalo esifanayo siphinde senzeke. Enye yezindlela ezaziwa kakhulu zokulinganisa ukuqina kweziphepho yi-Fujita Scale, indlela yokuhlukanisa elinganisa amandla eziphepho ngokusekelwe kumonakalo eziwubangelayo.
Iyini i-Fujita Scale?
Isikali se-Fujita (F-Scale) sethulwa ngo-1971 nguDkt. Tetsuya “Ted” Fujita, usosayensi womkhathi owaba negalelo elikhulu ekufundweni kweziphepho ezinzima. Umqondo oyisisekelo wawulula kodwa uqanjiwe: njengoba kwakunzima kakhulu ukukala isivinini somoya wesiphepho ngqo (ikakhulukazi ngaleso sikhathi), amandla esiphepho angalinganiswa ngomzila womonakalo esiwushiye ngemuva.
Isikali se-Fujita sihlukanisa iziphepho ngezigaba eziningana, kusukela ku-F0 (ebuthakathaka kakhulu) kuya ku-F5 (esinzima kakhulu). Isigaba ngasinye sihambisana nobubanzi besivinini somoya esilinganiselwe kanye nezinga lomonakalo ovame ukubonwa ezakhiweni, ezihlahleni, ezimotweni, kanye nengqalasizinda.
Kungani kulinganiswe iziphepho ngokusekelwe emonakalweni?
Ngokungafani neziphepho ezinkulu zesiphepho (isib. iziphepho) ezingaqashwa ngesathelayithi kanye nezilinganiso zomoya ezihambisanayo , iziphepho yilezi:
1. Izinga elincane futhi lisendaweni ethile, ngakho-ke amageyiji omoya awavamile ukuba sendaweni yesiphepho.
2. Okwesikhashana (imizuzu eminingana kuya kweyishumi yemizuzu), ngakho-ke ifasitela lokulinganisa lincane kakhulu.
3. Ukuba nomoya oguquguqukayo kakhulu ngaphakathi kwamamitha angamashumi, kwenza iphuzu elilodwa lokulinganisa linganele ukuchaza yonke into.
Ngenxa yalokho, ukuhlola iziphepho ngomonakalo sekuyindlela ewusizo. Amaqembu okuhlola ngokuvamile avakashela indawo yesehlakalo ngemva kwesigameko, adwebe indlela yesiphepho, abhale phansi umonakalo, bese elinganisa ubukhali baso ngokusekelwe ezinkombeni ezifanele.
Izigaba ku-Fujita Scale (F0–F5)
Ngezansi umbono jikelele wezigaba ze-Fujita Scale, kanye nezibonelo zomonakalo ovame ukuhlotshaniswa. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izibalo zesivinini somoya kulesi sikali ziyizilinganiso, hhayi izilinganiso eziqondile.
1. F0 – Umonakalo omncane
Iziphepho ze-F0 zivame ukubangela umonakalo omncane: amagatsha aphukile, izihlahla ezimbalwa ezincane eziwile, amabhodi okukhangisa alimele, noma amathayela ophahla andizayo. Umonakalo wezindlu ezingakhiwanga kahle ungaba mkhulu kakhulu, kodwa ngokuvamile ukhawulelwe ngaphandle kwesakhiwo.
2. F1 – Umonakalo omaphakathi
Lesi sigaba singawisa izihlahla eziningi, sisuse izimoto ezilula, futhi sibangele umonakalo omkhulu ophahleni. Iminyango yegaraji ingapheshulwa umoya, amafasitela angaphahlazeka, futhi izakhiwo ezihlala isikhathi eside zingalimala kakhulu.
3. F2 – Umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu
Isiphepho i-F2 singabhidliza izingxenye ezinkulu zophahla, sibhidlize izakhiwo ezibuthakathaka ngokwesakhiwo, futhi sibhidlize izihlahla ezinkulu. Izimoto zingagumbuqelwa noma zisuswe. Ingqalasizinda efana nezintambo zikagesi ingasuswa, okuvame ukuholela ekunqamukeni kukagesi kabanzi.
4. F3 – Umonakalo omkhulu
Ku-F3, umonakalo uba mubi kakhulu: izindonga zezindlu zingawa, izimoto ezisindayo zingaphakanyiswa noma zisuswe, kanti izakhiwo zebhizinisi zingalimala. Indlela yomonakalo ivame ukubonakala kahle, lapho izihlahla zibonakala "zisikiwe" futhi imfucumfucu idonswa kude.
5. F4 – Umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu
Isigaba F4 sisho okufanayo nokubhujiswa okukhulu. Izindlu ezakhiwe ngokuqinile zingawa, kushiye uhlaka noma isisekelo kuphela. Izimoto zingaphonswa kude, futhi izinto ezinkulu zingaba yiziqhumane eziyingozi. Ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi, umthelela ungafana nendawo enkulu ngemva kwenhlekelele.
6. F5 – Umonakalo omkhulu
I-F5 iyizinga eliphakeme kakhulu ku-Fujita Scale. Iziphepho kulesi sigaba zingaqeda izakhiwo eziqinile kuze kufike ezisekelweni zazo, ziphakamise izimoto ezisindayo, futhi zibangele umonakalo omkhulu cishe kunoma yini endleleni yazo. Ama-F5 awavamile, kodwa uma eyenzeka, imiphumela empilweni kanye nengqalasizinda ibalulekile.
Inqubo yokuhlola i-Fujita Scale yenziwa kanjani?
Ukuhlolwa kwesikali se-Fujita kuvame ukwenziwa ngemva komcimbi (ukuhlolwa kwangemva komcimbi). Ngokuvamile, izinyathelo zifaka:
1. Ucwaningo lwensimu
Ithimba livakashele indawo ukuze lizobona mathupha amaphethini omonakalo. Liqophe indlela izihlahla eziwile ngayo, indawo lapho imfucumfucu ikhona, kanye nohlobo lomonakalo ezakhiweni.
2. Ukumaka indlela yesiphepho
Ulwazi luqoqwa ukuze kutholakale ubude bendlela, ububanzi bendlela, kanye noshintsho lokuqina kulo lonke uhambo lwesiphepho. Iziphepho zingaqina futhi zibe buthaka ngokuphindaphindiwe.
3. Ukuhlaziywa kwezinhlobo zezakhiwo kanye nekhwalithi yokwakha
Lokhu kubalulekile ngoba izakhiwo ezingahlangabezani nezindinganiso zingalimala kakhulu ngisho noma imimoya iphansi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izakhiwo eziqinile kakhulu zingamelana nemimoya ephakeme.
4. Imibhalo ebonakalayo kanye nobuchwepheshe obusekelayo
Izithombe, amavidiyo, izithombe ze-drone, kanye nedatha i-radar yesimo sezulu kusetshenziswe ukwengeza ukuhlolwa. Nakuba isikali se-Fujita sisekelwe emonakalweni, idatha yesimo sezulu iyasiza ukuqinisekisa umongo wesiphepho.
5. Ukunqunywa kwesilinganiso sokugcina
Ngokusekelwe ezinkombeni zomonakalo ezihlala njalo nezinomthwalo wemfanelo kakhulu, ithimba labela isigaba F.
Izinzuzo ze-Fujita Scale
Isikali seFujita sinezinzuzo eziningana ezisenze sahlala isikhathi eside futhi sasaziwa kabanzi:
– Okusebenzayo lapho izilinganiso zomoya eziqondile kunzima ukuzenza.
– Kusekelwe ebufakazini bangempela, okungukuthi umthelela ebusweni.
– Kulula ukuthi umphakathi ukuqonde, ngoba kuxhumanisa izinombolo zezigaba nezinga lomonakalo obonakalayo.
Lesi silinganiso siphinde sisize ezibalweni zezinhlekelele: ukuthi zingaki iziphepho ezinamandla ezenzeka ngonyaka, yiziphi izifunda ezibhekana neziphepho ezinamandla kaningi, kanye nendlela amaphethini engozi ashintsha ngayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ukulinganiselwa kwe-Fujita Scale
Nakuba iwusizo, i-Fujita Scale nayo inemikhawulo ebalulekile:
– Kuncike ekubeni khona kwento
Uma isiphepho sidlula endaweni evulekile (ensimini noma ehlathini elincane), kunomonakalo omncane wesakhiwo ngakho kungaba nzima ukunquma ubukhulu baso.
- Kuthonywe yikhwalithi yokwakha
Izindlu ezimbili ezibonakala zifana zingaba nezakhiwo ezihlukile. Umonakalo omkhulu awusho ukuthi imimoya enamandla.
- Ibanga lesivinini somoya lilinganiselwa
Izibalo zomoya kulesi sikali azivumelani ngaso sonke isikhathi nezilinganiso zanamuhla.
Ngenxa yalokhu, amazwe amaningana kanye nezinhlangano zezulu zithuthukise izinguqulo ezinemininingwane eminingi, njenge-Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF-Scale), esebenzisa izinkomba zomonakalo eziningi futhi ilungisa ubudlelwano phakathi komonakalo kanye nesivinini somoya. Kodwa-ke, ezimweni zemfundo nezomlando, i-Fujita Scale isalokhu iyinto ebalulekile.
Kungani lesi silinganiso sibalulekile ekunciphiseni izinhlekelele?
Ukuhlukanisa iziphepho akukona nje ukubiza isiphepho ngamagama. Idatha yokuqina iyasiza:
– Izindinganiso zokuhlela indawo kanye nezakhiwo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezivame ukuba nomoya onamandla.
– Ukulungiswa kwamamephu engozi kanye nezimo zokusabela eziphuthumayo.
– Fundisa umphakathi ngezinga lengozi kanye nezinyathelo zokuzivikela.
– Hlola izinhlelo zokuxwayisa kusenesikhathi, isibonelo ukuthi izixwayiso zishesha ngokwanele yini uma kuneziphepho ezinamandla.
Ngokwazi ukuthi iziphepho ezinamandla (F3–F5) zenzeka kangaki, ohulumeni nemiphakathi banganquma ukuthi yini okufanele itshalwe imali kuqala: ukwakha izindawo zokukhosela, ukuqinisa uphahla, ukuhlela izintambo zikagesi, ngisho nokuqeqeshwa kokuphuma kwabantu ezindaweni ezihlaselwe yizikhukhula.
I-Penutup
Isikali se-Fujita siyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekuqondeni nasekulinganiseni ubukhali besiphepho. Ngokuhlola ubukhulu bomonakalo oshiywe ngemuva, kuvumela ososayensi ukuthi baqoqe amarekhodi omlando futhi balinganisele amandla omoya lapho izilinganiso eziqondile zingatholakali. Naphezu kwemikhawulo yaso—ehlobene kakhulu nokwehluka kwekhwalithi yesakhiwo kanye nokutholakala kwezinto endleleni yesiphepho—isikali se-Fujita sisasebenza njengethuluzi lokuxhumana ngengozi kanye nesisekelo sokuhlaziywa kwezinhlekelele. Ekugcineni, lapho silinganisa iziphepho kangcono, kulapho singalungiselela kangcono ukunciphisa umthelela wazo kubantu kanye nemvelo.
