Indlela Iqhwa Elakheka Ngayo Nezici Ezilithonyayo
Iqhwa lingenye yezenzakalo zesimo sezulu ezithakazelisa kakhulu nezibaluleke kakhulu ohlelweni lwesimo sezulu soMhlaba. Kwabanye, iqhwa lifana nesimo sezulu esihle nesibandayo sezintaba noma amazwe anezimo zezulu ezinezinkathi ezine. Kodwa-ke, ngaphansi kobuhle balo, iqhwa lakhiwa ngezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zefiziksi yomkhathi ezithonywa yizici ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa izinga lokushisa nomswakama kanye nokumbozwa kwamafu. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngendlela iqhwa elakhiwa ngayo kanye nezici ezibalulekile ezinquma ukuthi isifunda sizobhekana neqhwa, imvula, noma inhlanganisela yakho kokubili.
Incazelo yeqhwa
Iqhwa liwukuna kwemvula (imvula) ngesimo samakristalu eqhwa aqinile awela kusuka emkhathini aye ebusweni boMhlaba. Ngokungafani nemvula, engamaconsi amanzi acwebezelayo, iqhwa lakheka lapho umhwamuko wamanzi emkhathini uqina ube amakristalu eqhwa emafwini, abese ehlangana ukuze akhe amaqhwa amakhulu futhi asinda ngokwanele ukuba awele phansi.
Ngokuthakazelisayo, akuwona wonke amazinga okushisa abandayo akhiqiza iqhwa ngokuzenzakalelayo. Isifunda singabanda kakhulu kodwa singabi yiqhwa uma okuqukethwe umhwamuko wamanzi kuphansi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izifunda ezinomswakama ophezulu zingaba neqhwa elinzima uma izimo zokushisa zivuma.
Inqubo Yokwakheka Kweqhwa Emkhathini
Ukwakheka kweqhwa ngokuvamile kwenzeka emafwini e-stratiform noma e-cumuliform ezingqimbeni zomkhathi lapho amazinga okushisa engaphansi kweqhwa. Izigaba eziyinhloko yilezi ezilandelayo:
1. Umhwamuko wamanzi uyaphakama futhi uphole
Umkhathi uhlala uqukethe umhwamuko wamanzi. Lapho umoya omanzi ukhuphuka (isibonelo, ngenxa yokushisa komhlaba, ukuhlangana nezintaba, noma ukuba khona kohlelo oluphansi lokucindezela), uphola ngokushesha. Lokhu kupholisa kunciphisa ikhono lomoya lokubamba umhwamuko wamanzi, okubangela ukuba ujiye noma ugoqeke.
2. Ukwakheka kwe-Condensation Core kanye ne-Frozing Core
Ukuze umhwamuko wamanzi uphenduke amanzi noma izinhlayiya zeqhwa, ngokuvamile kudinga "i-nucleus" ngesimo sezinhlayiya ezincane eziphuma emoyeni njengothuli, usawoti wolwandle, umlotha wentaba-mlilo, noma ukungcola. Lezi zinhlayiya zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-ice nuclei ukuze kwakheke i-ice crystal. Ngaphandle kwalezi zinhlayiya, kunzima kakhulu ukuthi umhwamuko wamanzi wakhe amakristalu eqhwa, yize engenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.
3. Izinga lokushisa emafwini angaphansi kuka-0°C
Iqhwa lakheka lapho izinga lokushisa lamafu lehla ngaphansi kuka-0°C. Kodwa-ke, emoyeni wangempela, amafu amaningi aqukethe amanzi "apholile kakhulu", okungamanzi ahlanzekile ahlala emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-0°C. Lapho la manzi apholile kakhulu ehlangana namakristalu eqhwa, ayaqina futhi akhuthaze ukukhula kwamakristalu.
4. Ukufakwa: Umhwamuko Wamanzi Uba Yiqhwa Ngokuqondile
Enye yezinqubo eziyinhloko ekwakhekeni kwekristalu yeqhwa ukufakwa, ukuguqulwa okuqondile komhwamuko wamanzi ube yiqhwa ngaphandle kokudlula esigabeni soketshezi. Ama-molecule omhwamuko wamanzi anamathela kumakristalu amancane eqhwa, okwandisa ubukhulu bawo. Ukukhula kwamakristalu kuncike kakhulu ekushiseni nasekuswakameni okungaphakathi kwefu.
5. Ukuhlanganiswa: Amakristalu Ahlangana Ukuze Abe Ama-Snowflakes
Uma sezakhiwe, amakristalu eqhwa angashayisana futhi anamathele ndawonye. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi i-aggregation. Umphumela uba ama-snowflake amakhulu, avame ukuba nokwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi. Lawa ma-snowflake ekugcineni awela phezulu.
6. Uhambo Oluya Ebusweni: Ingabe Iqhwa Liyasinda?
Ngemva kokuwa efwini, amaqhwa eqhwa adlula ezingqimbeni zomoya ezingaba namazinga okushisa ahlukahlukene. Uma umoya ongaphansi kwefu ufudumele ngokwanele, iqhwa lingancibilika bese liphenduka imvula ngaphambi kokufika phansi. Uma umoya oseduze nobuso ungaphezu kancane kuka-0°C, iqhwa lingasafika phansi kodwa lincibilike ngokushesha.
Isimo kanye nesakhiwo se-Snowflake
Ama-snowflakes eza ngezimo ezahlukahlukene: amanye anjengezinkanyezi, anjengenaliti, anjengepuleti, futhi angavamile kakhulu. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kunqunywa yizimo ezincane ngaphakathi kwefu, ikakhulukazi izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama. Emazingeni okushisa athile, amakristalu avame ukukhula ngesimo esinjengepuleti, kanti kwamanye, akha kalula izinaliti noma amakholomu. Yingakho isiphepho ngasinye seqhwa singakhiqiza uhlobo oluhlukile lweqhwa—amanye athambile futhi omile, amanye anamanzi futhi anzima.
Izici Ezithinta Ukwakheka Kweqhwa
Ukuze iqhwa lakheke futhi lifinyelele phezulu, izici ezilandelayo zidlala indima enkulu:
1. Izinga Lokushisa Lomoya (Iphrofayili Yokushisa Okuqondile)
Isici esibaluleke kakhulu izinga lokushisa, hhayi nje kuphela ebusweni, kodwa kuwo wonke umkhathi kusukela emafwini kuya phansi. Ngokuvamile:
– Uma ungqimba lomoya lonke lungaphansi kuka-0°C, imvula cishe izona njengeqhwa.
– Uma kukhona ungqimba olufudumele phakathi komkhathi, iqhwa lingancibilika libe yimvula.
– Uma iqhwa lincibilika bese libuyela engqimbeni ebandayo eduze kobuso, lingakha isichotho esincane (iqhwa) noma imvula ebandayo, kuye ngokuthi ungqimba olubandayo lungakanani.
2. Umswakama kanye nokuqukethwe komusi wamanzi
Iqhwa lidinga umhwamuko wamanzi njengezinto zalo zokusetshenziswa. Izindawo ezibandayo kakhulu kodwa ezomile zivame ukuba neqhwa elingavamile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izindawo eziseduze nolwandle noma amachibi zivame ukuba nomhwamuko wamanzi omningi, okuvumela ukuba kube neqhwa elinamandla kakhulu, njengesimo seqhwa esibangelwa yichibi elizungeze amaGreat Lakes eNyakatho Melika.
3. Izinhlobo kanye Nokuguquguquka Kwamafu
Amafu aminyene anezikhukhula ezinamandla cishe azobangela imvula. Ezinhlelweni zesiphepho, izikhukhula zisiza ekupholiseni umoya futhi zigcine ukugcwala okukhulu ngeqhwa, okuvumela amakristalu eqhwa ukuba akhule ngokushesha nangobuningi.
4. Izinhlelo Zokucindezela Komoya Nesimo Sezulu
Iqhwa livame ukwenzeka ezinhlelweni ezinengcindezi ephansi ezithwala umoya omanzi okhuphukayo. Izimpondo ezibandayo kanye nezimpondo ezifudumele nazo zingabangela imvula. Lapho umoya ofudumele uphushelwa phezulu emoyeni obandayo (ugcwala kakhulu), imvula ingakheka emafwini amakhulu, futhi uma ungqimba olubandayo lujiyile ngokwanele, kungavela iqhwa.
5. Ukuphakama kanye ne-Topography
Uma indawo iphakeme, izinga lokushisa liyancipha ngokuvamile. Ngakho-ke, izindawo ezinezintaba zivame ukuba neqhwa kunezindawo eziphansi eziku-latitude efanayo. I-Topography iphinde iphoqe umoya ukuba ukhuphuke (ukuphakama kwe-orographic), okwandisa ukwakheka kwamafu kanye nemvula. Yingakho izintaba zivame ukusebenza njengezimboni zemvelo zeqhwa.
6. Izinga Lokushisa Lomhlabathi
Nakuba iqhwa lingase liwe, aligcini ngokuqongelela ngokushesha. Uma umhlabathi usafudumele, iqhwa lizoncibilika uma lithinta indawo. Ukuqongelela kweqhwa kuvame ukwenzeka lapho amazinga okushisa omhlaba ehlala njalo noma ngaphansi kuka-0°C, noma lapho iqhwa linzima kakhulu kangangokuthi linqoba inqubo yokuncibilika.
7. Umoya kanye neSiyaluyalu
Umoya uthinta ukusabalala kweqhwa njengoba liwa futhi ngemva kokuba liqongelelana phansi. Imimoya enamandla ingabangela iqhwa elivunguzayo kanye nokuqongelelana okungalingani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imimoya ithwala umoya ofudumele noma obandayo, okungashintsha uhlobo lwemvula.
8. Izinhlayiya ze-Aerosol kanye nokungcoliswa komoya
Izinhlayiya ezisemkhathini zingasebenza njenge-nuclei eqandisayo. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ukwanda kwama-aerosol kungathinta indlela amafu akha ngayo amakristalu eqhwa. Kodwa-ke, umphumela uyinkimbinkimbi: ama-aerosol angandisa inani lama-nuclei, kodwa angashintsha nesakhiwo samafu, ngakho-ke umthelela wawo ekwakhekeni kweqhwa uyahlukahluka kuye ngendawo.
I-Penutup
Iqhwa lakhiwa ngokusebenzisana komhwamuko wamanzi, amazinga okushisa abandayo, ama-nuclei aqandayo, kanye namafu kanye nokuguquguquka komoya. Inqubo iqala ngokukhuphuka komoya omanzi, ukwakheka kwamakristalu eqhwa emafwini emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-0°C, ukukhula kwamakristalu ngokubeka, kanye nokuhlangana kwamakristalu abe ama-snowflake abese ewela phezulu. Ukuthi ama-snowflake ahlala eyiqhwa noma aphenduka imvula kunqunywa kakhulu yiphrofayili yokushisa kusukela efwini kuya phezulu, kanye nezinye izinto ezifana nomswakama, ukuma kwendawo, kanye nezimo zezulu zesifunda.
Ukuqonda ukuthi iqhwa lakhiwa kanjani akugcini nje ngokuthakazelisa ngokwesayensi kodwa futhi kubalulekile ekubikezeleni isimo sezulu, ekuphathweni kwemithombo yamanzi, ukuphepha kwezokuthutha, kanye nasezifundweni zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ngokuqonda izici ezithonya iqhwa, singazilungiselela kangcono imiphumela yalo futhi siqonde ubunzima bezinqubo zemvelo ezikhiqiza la ma-white flakes.
