Iyini i-Rock Cycle?
I-Pendahuluan
Umjikelezo wedwala umqondo wejiyoloji ochaza izinguquko eziguquguqukayo neziqhubekayo ezidlula amatshe ngaphakathi kongqimba loMhlaba. Amadwala awahlali eqinile ngesimo esisodwa; ahlala eguquka kusukela kolunye uhlobo aye kolunye ngezinqubo ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukuguguleka, ukuguguleka, ukuqina, ukushisa, kanye nokupholisa. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngencazelo yomjikelezo wedwala, izinhlobo ezinkulu zamadwala, kanye nezinqubo eziwaguqula kusukela kolunye uhlobo aye kolunye.
Izinhlobo zamatshe
Ngaphambi kokuqonda kabanzi ngomjikelezo wamadwala, kubalulekile ukwazi izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zamadwala akhona: amadwala angenalutho, amadwala angenalutho, kanye namadwala ashintshashintshayo.
1. Amadwala Ane-Igneous
– Amatshe e-igneous akhiwa ukupholisa kanye nokukristala kwe-magma noma i-lava. I-Magma ephola ngaphansi kobuso boMhlaba ikhiqiza amatshe angena ngaphakathi noma agcwele i-igneous, njenge-granite. I-lava ephola ebusweni boMhlaba ikhiqiza amatshe aphumayo noma aphumayo entaba-mlilo, njenge-basalt.
2. Amadwala Anezinsila
– Amatshe asemadwaleni akhiwa ngokuqongelela kwendle okuye kwaqiniswa futhi kwaqiniswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lezi ndle zivela ekugugulekeni nasekugugulekeni kwamatshe akhona. Izibonelo zamatshe asemadwaleni zihlanganisa itshe lesihlabathi, i-limestone, kanye ne-shale. Amatshe asemadwaleni avame ukuqukatha izinsalela futhi anikeze izinkomba ezibalulekile mayelana nezindawo zasendulo.
3. Amadwala Ashintsha Ukwakheka
– Amatshe e-metamorphic akhiwa ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwamatshe akhona ngokucindezela okuphezulu, izinga lokushisa, kanye noketshezi lwamakhemikhali oqweqweni loMhlaba. Inqubo ye-metamorphism ishintsha isakhiwo se-mineralological kanye nokuthungwa kwedwala ngaphandle kokulincibilikisa. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi imabula, eyakheka nge-limestone, kanye ne-geyser, eyakheka nge-granite.
Izinqubo ku-Rock Cycle
Ukwakheka Kwamadwala Ane-Igneous
Umjikelezo wedwala uqala ngezinqubo ze-magmatic ezakha amatshe angcolile. I-Magma etholakala emkhathini woMhlaba ikhuphukela phezulu ngemifantu kanye nemigodi yentaba-mlilo ngenxa yokucindezela kwe-tectonic. Lapho ifika phezulu, i-magma evelayo ibizwa ngokuthi i-lava, bese iphola futhi icwebezele ngokushesha, yakhe amatshe anjenge-basalt ne-andesite. Ngaphansi kobuso, i-magma iphola kancane, ikhiqize amakristalu amakhulu njengalawo atholakala ku-granite kanye ne-diorite.
Isimo sezulu kanye nokuguguleka komhlabathi
Uma sekwakhiwe, amatshe angcolile ebusweni boMhlaba abhekana nokuguguleka nokuguguleka. Ukuguguleka ngokomzimba kuhilela ukuqhekeka kwamatshe ngenxa yezici ezifana nokushisa okukhulu, ukubanda nokuncibilika kwamanzi, kanye nokusebenza kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukuguguleka kwamakhemikhali kushintsha ukwakheka kwamaminerali ematsheni ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali namanzi, umoya, nezinto ezincibilikisiwe. Imikhiqizo yalokhu kuguguleka yizinhlayiya zenhlabathi ezingathuthwa yizinto ezigugulekayo njengamanzi, umoya, kanye namaqhwa.
Ukwakheka Kwamadwala Asendle
Izinhlayiya zendle ezivela ekugugulekeni ziyathuthwa futhi zibekwe ezindaweni ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa imifula, amachibi, ama-delta, kanye nolwandle. Ngokuqiniswa kanye nokufakwa kwesimende ngokuhamba kwesikhathi se-geologic, lezi zinhlayiya ziyahlangana ukuze zakhe amatshe angaphansi komhlaba. Isibonelo, izinhlayiya zesihlabathi zingahlangana zibe yitshe lesihlabathi, kuyilapho amagobolondo ezilwane zasolwandle engasiza ekwakhekeni kwetshe likalika.
Ukuguqulwa kwesimo
Amatshe asemadwaleni (noma amanye amatshe akhona) angacwiliswa oqweqweni loMhlaba ngokuhamba kwe-tectonic, lapho ecindezelwa khona kakhulu futhi eshisa. Lezi zimo azanele ukuncibilikisa idwala, kodwa zanele ukushintsha isakhiwo samaminerali ukuze sizinze kakhulu ngaphansi kwezimo ezintsha. Le nqubo, ebizwa ngokuthi i-metamorphism, ikhiqiza amatshe amasha e-metamorphic. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi ukushintsha kwe-limestone kube yi-marble noma ukushintsha kwe-shale kube yi-phyllite bese ekugcineni kube yi-slate.
Ukuncibilikisa Nokuguqula
Uma izimo zokucindezela kanye nokushisa ziqhubeka nokwanda, idwala elishintshashintshayo lingagcina lincibilike libe yi-magma. Lokhu kuqedela umjikelezo wedwala, lapho i-magma ingaphinde ikhuphukele phezulu ukuze yakhe idwala elisha eliyi-igneous, bese umjikelezo uphinda.
Indima Ye-Plate Tectonics
Ukunyakaza kwe-tectonic kwepuleti kuthonya kakhulu umjikelezo wedwala. Amapuleti e-tectonic, ayingxenye ye-lithosphere yoMhlaba, ahamba futhi asebenzisana lapho ehlangana, ehlukana, futhi eguqula imingcele. Emingceleni ehlanganayo, amapuleti ashayisanayo angadala ingcindezi eholela ekuguqukeni kwesimo sezulu noma ezintabeni ezikhipha i-magma. Emingceleni ehlukene, amapuleti ahlukanayo adala isikhala sokuthi i-magma ikhuphuke futhi yakhe idwala elisha eliyi-igneous phansi kolwandle. Aguqula imingcele, yize ngokuvamile ingakhiqizi i-magma, adala amaphutha futhi angabangela ukuguguleka okukhulu kwedwala nokuguguleka.
Isiphetho
Umjikelezo wedwala uyinqubo eguquguqukayo ehilela ukuguqulwa kwamadwala kusuka kolunye uhlobo kuya kolunye ngokuhlanganiswa kokuguguleka, ukuguguleka, ukuqina, ukushisa, kanye nokupholisa. Zonke izinhlobo zamadwala, kungaba yi-igneous, sedimentary, noma i-metamorphic, zinesiqalo kanye nephuzu lokugcina kulo mjikelezo ongapheli. Ukunyakaza kwe-tectonic yamapuleti kudlala indima ebalulekile ekushayeleni umjikelezo wedwala, okuvumela uMhlaba wethu ukuthi uguquke njalo futhi uguquke.
Ngokuqonda umjikelezo wamadwala, singachaza izinqubo ze-geological ezibumba ubuso boMhlaba wethu, zinikeze ukuqonda okujulile ngomlando we-geological woMhlaba kanye nezinguquko zemvelo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kusisiza futhi ukuqonda imithombo eminingi yemvelo ebalulekile, kusukela kumaminerali namaminerali kuya enhlabathini esekela impilo yezitshalo neyabantu.
