Indlela Amatshe Asedamini Akhiwa Ngayo
I-Pendahuluan
Amatshe atholakala ebusweni boMhlaba ahlukahluka kakhulu ngesimo, ubukhulu, kanye nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali. Olunye uhlobo lwedwala oluthakazelisa kakhulu ukulifunda yidwala eliyi-sedimentary. Amatshe ayisi-sedimentary akha ngenqubo ende ehilela imijikelezo eyahlukahlukene ye-geological. Lesi sihloko sizochaza ngokujulile ukuthi amatshe ayi-sedimentary akha kanjani, okuhlanganisa nezinqubo eziwathintayo, izinhlobo zamatshe ayi-sedimentary, kanye nendima yawo ebalulekile empilweni yabantu kanye nezinhlelo zoMhlaba.
Inqubo Yokwakheka Kwamadwala Ane-Sedimentary
Ukwakheka kwamadwala angaphansi komhlaba kuhilela izigaba eziningana ezibalulekile nezihlobene. Lezi yizigaba eziyinhloko enkambisweni yokwakheka kwamadwala angaphansi komhlaba.
Isimo sezulu kanye nokuguguleka komhlabathi
Izigaba zokuqala zokwakheka kwamadwala angaphansi komhlaba yi-weathering kanye nokuguguleka komhlaba. I-Weathering inqubo lapho idwala noma amadwala asemhlabeni ahlukaniswa khona abe yizicucu ezincane ngesenzo somzimba noma samakhemikhali. I-weathering ngokomzimba ihilela izinguquko esakhiweni sedwala ngenxa yezici ezifana nokucindezela, izinga lokushisa, ukubanda, nokuncibilika kwamanzi, kanye nomsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo, kuyilapho i-chemical weathering ihilela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okubola amaminerali angaphakathi kwedwala.
Ngemva kokuba amatshe eguqukile, ukuguguleka komhlabathi kuthutha lezi zinhlayiya. Ukuguguleka komhlabathi kubangelwa izinto ezifana namanzi, umoya, iqhwa, kanye namandla adonsela phansi. Lezi zinhlayiya zamatshe eziguqukile zingaba yisihlabathi, udaka, noma amatshe ayigugu.
Ezokuthutha
Ngemva kokuguguleka komhlabathi, izinhlayiya zamadwala azimi ngokushesha endaweni eyodwa. Zithuthwa, noma zithuthwe, ziye kwezinye izindawo ngokusebenzisa imithombo efana namanzi omfula, umoya, izinguzunga zeqhwa, noma amagagasi olwandle. Ibanga kanye nobude balokhu kuthuthwa kuthinta kakhulu izici zokugcina zenhlabathi.
Ukususwa esikhundleni
Uma amandla avela ku-ejenti yokuthutha ehla, lezi zinhlayiya zizoqala ukuhlala ndawana thize. Le nqubo yokubeka izinto yenzeka ezindaweni ezithile ezifana nemifula, amachibi, ama-delta, kanye nolwandle. Yilapho izinhlayiya zenhlayiya ziqala khona ukuqongelela futhi zihlale ngezingqimba. Inqubo yokubeka izinto ithatha isikhathi eside futhi iholela ekuqongeleleni kwezingqimba ezijiyile zenhlayiya.
Ukuqiniswa kanye nokufakwa kwesimende
Ngemva kokuba izingqimba ze-sedimentary zizinzile, zizwa ukwakheka kwengcindezi evela kuma-deposit alandelayo ngaphezu kwazo. Lokhu kucindezela kubangela ukuthi izinhlayiya ze-sediment ziqine, okusho ukuthi ziba nzima kakhulu futhi isikhala se-pore phakathi kwazo siyancipha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwenzeka inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-cementation, lapho amaminerali ancibilika emanzini angaphansi komhlaba eqala ukuhlala futhi abophe izinhlayiya ze-sediment ndawonye zibe yiyunithi eqinile neqinile. Le nqubo ikhiqiza idwala le-sedimentary, ekugcineni eliba yidwala eliqinile.
Izinhlobo zamadwala aseSedimentary
Amatshe atholakala e-sedimentary angahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko ngokusekelwe endleleni akhiwa ngayo, okungukuthi amatshe akudala, amakhemikhali, kanye namatshe atholakala e-sedimentary aphilayo.
Amadwala Ase-Clastic Sedimentary
Amatshe e-sedimentary akudala akhiwa ngezingcezu zamadwala namaminerali abangelwa ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi kanye nokuguguleka komhlabathi. Ezinye zezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zamatshe e-sedimentary akudala yilezi:
– I-Conglomerate kanye ne-Breccia: Yakhiwe ngezingcezu ezinkulu ze-basalt. I-Conglomerate inesimo esiyindilinga, kanti i-breccia inesimo esiyindilinga.
– Itshe lesihlabathi: Lakhiwe ngezinhlayiya zesihlabathi ngokuvamile ezenziwe ngamaminerali e-quartz.
– Itshe lodaka: Lakhiwe ngezinhlayiya ezincane njengodaka nobumba.
Amatshe Amakhemikhali Anezinsalela
Amatshe amakhemikhali aqukethe i-sedimentary akhiwa ngemvula yamakhemikhali. Akhiwa lapho izixazululo zamaminerali ziqala ukuvela ngemva kokuba amanzi ehwamuka noma ngenxa yokusabela okuthile kwamakhemikhali. Ezinye izibonelo zamatshe amakhemikhali aqukethe i-sedimentary yilezi:
– Itshe le-lime: Lakhiwa ngokuna kwe-calcium carbonate, okuvame ukuvela ezinsaleleni zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle njenge-coral.
– Ama-evaporites: Amatshe akheka ngamazinga aphezulu okuhwamuka kwamanzi, abeka ama-deposit amaminerali njenge-halite (usawoti wedwala) kanye ne-gypsum.
Amadwala E-Organic Sedimentary
Amatshe e-sedimentary e-organic akhiwa ngokuqongelela kwezinto eziphilayo ezibolile. Izibonelo eziyinhloko zamatshe e-sedimentary e-organic yilezi:
– Amalahle: Akhiwe ngezinsalela zezitshalo ezingcwatshwe futhi ezicindezelwa futhi zishiswa izigidi zeminyaka.
– Uphethiloli Negesi Yemvelo: Nakuba kungewona amatshe ngomqondo ongokoqobo, lawa ma-hydrocarbon deposits akhiwa ngezinsalela zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle ezibola futhi ziguqulwe ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu.
Indima Yamadwala Asendle Empilweni
Amatshe agcwele inhlabathi adlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yabantu kanye nemvelo yoMhlaba. Ezinye zezindima zawo zifaka:
Isitolo Sengcebo Yemvelo
Amatshe atholakala emanzini angcolile ngokuvamile ayimithombo eyinhloko yezinsizakusebenza zemvelo ezahlukahlukene njenge-petroleum, igesi yemvelo, amalahle, kanye ne-mineral ores. Ukuqonda ukuthi amatshe atholakala emanzini angcolile akheka kanjani kusiza abantu ukuhlola nokusebenzisa lezi zinsizakusebenza ngempumelelo enkulu.
Amanothi Omlando Wezinto Eziphilayo
Amatshe agcwele inhlabathi aphethe ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nomlando we-geological woMhlaba. Izingqimba zenhlabathi zisebenza njengezindawo zokugcina imvelo eziqopha izehlakalo zesikhathi esidlule njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukuvela kwezinto eziphilayo, kanye nomsebenzi wezintaba-mlilo noma we-tectonic.
Umthombo Wezinto Zokwakha
Amatshe anjengetshe lesihlabathi kanye ne-limestone yizinto zokwakha eziyinhloko ezisetshenziswa ekwakheni. Asetshenziswa nasezimbonini zesimende kanye ne-lime.
Isihlungi Semvelo
Njengamatshe anezimbobo, amatshe anjengetshe lodaka asebenza njengezihlungi zemvelo. Angahlunga amanzi angaphansi komhlaba futhi avimbele ukungcola ukuthi kungangeni ohlelweni lwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
Isiphetho
Amatshe asemadwaleni akheka ngenqubo ende neyinkimbinkimbi ehilela ukuguguleka, ukuguguleka, ukuthuthwa, ukufakwa, ukuqina, kanye nokufakwa kwesimende. Njengoba kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene kanye nokusetshenziswa, amatshe asemadwaleni adlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yabantu kanye nomlando wejiyoloji yoMhlaba. Ukuqonda ukuthi amatshe asemadwaleni akheka kanjani kanye nendima yawo kunganikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile emikhakheni eminingi yesayensi kanye nezimboni. Njengemikhiqizo yezinqubo zemvelo ezenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi, amatshe asemadwaleni asikhumbuza ubunzima kanye nesimangaliso soMhlaba esiphila kuwo.
