Indlela Ama-antibiotic Asebenza Ngayo: Ukuqonda Impi Yama-Microbial Yempilo Yomuntu
Ama-antibiotic ayizinto zamakhemikhali ezisetshenziselwa ukubulala noma ukuvimbela ukukhula kwamagciwane abangela ukutheleleka kubantu nasezilwaneni. Nakuba ama-antibiotic eyizikhali ezinamandla kwezokwelapha zanamuhla, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi asebenza kanjani kanye nezinselele ezihambisana nokusetshenziswa kwawo. Lesi sihloko sifuna ukuchaza izindlela ezingemuva kokusebenza kwama-antibiotic, izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-antibiotic, kanye nenkinga ebalulekile yokumelana nama-antibiotic.
Isingeniso kuma-antibiotic
Ama-antibiotic aqala ukutholwa ngu-Alexander Fleming ngo-1928 lapho ethola ukuthi isikhunta i-Penicillium notatum sikhipha into ekwazi ukubulala amagciwane e-Staphylococcus aureus. Lokhu kutholakala kwavula indlela yokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo eziningi zama-antibiotic ezisindise izigidi zabantu kusukela zaqala ukusetshenziswa.
Ngokuvamile, ama-antibiotic ahlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili ngokusekelwe kububanzi besenzo sawo: i-narrow-spectrum kanye ne-broad-spectrum. Ama-antibiotic e-narrow-spectrum ayasebenza ngokumelene nezinhlobo ezithile zamagciwane, kuyilapho ama-antibiotic e-broad-spectrum angalwa namagciwane ahlukahlukene.
Indlela Yokusebenza Kwama-Antibiotic
Izindlela zokusebenza kwama-antibiotic zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba eziningana eziyinhloko ngokusekelwe ezinhlosweni zazo kanye nezenzo zazo kuma-bacteria:
1. Kuphazamisa ukwakheka kodonga lwamaseli amagciwane
Udonga lweseli lebhaktheriya luyisakhiwo esibalulekile esihlinzeka ngesimo namandla okusebenza kubhaktheriya. Ama-antibiotic afana ne-penicillin asebenza ngokuphazamisa ukwakheka kwalolu donga lweseli.
I-penicillin ivimbela i-enzyme eyaziwa ngokuthi i-transpeptidase, edlala indima ekwakhekeni kwezixhumanisi eziwela ku-peptidoglycan, ingxenye eyinhloko yezindonga zamaseli ebhaktheriya. Lapho ukwakheka kodonga lwamaseli kuphazamiseka, amabhaktheriya awakwazi ukusinda ezimweni ze-osmotic futhi ekugcineni afe.
Ngaphandle kwe-penicillin, kunezinye izinhlobo zama-antibiotic ezinezindlela ezifanayo, njenge-cephalosporins kanye ne-carbapenems.
2. Kuphazamisa ukwenziwa kwamaphrotheni
Amabhaktheriya adinga amaprotheni ukuze enze imisebenzi ehlukahlukene ebalulekile, kusukela ekuphindaphindweni kwe-DNA kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwe-metabolism. Lolu hlobo lwe-antibiotic lusebenza ngokubopha kuma-ribosome amabhaktheriya, umshini wama-molecule obangela ukwakheka kwamaprotheni.
Ama-ribosome amabhaktheriya aqukethe ama-subunit amabili: i-30S kanye ne-50S. Ama-antibiotic afana ne-tetracycline abopha kwi-subunit ye-30S futhi avimbele i-aminoacyl-tRNA ekubopheni kwi-ribosome, ngaleyo ndlela avimbele ukwakheka kwamaprotheni. Okwamanje, ama-antibiotic afana ne-erythromycin kanye ne-chloramphenicol abopha kwi-subunit ye-50S futhi avimbele i-transpeptidation, noma i-translocation, ekuhlanganisweni kwamaprotheni.
3. Kuphazamisa ukwenziwa kwe-Nucleic Acid
Amanye ama-antibiotic asebenza ngokuvimbela ukuphindaphindwa kwe-DNA yamagciwane noma ukuqoshwa kwayo. Ama-Fluoroquinolones, njenge-ciprofloxacin, avimbela ama-enzyme e-DNA gyrase kanye ne-topoisomerase IV, asiza enkambisweni ye-DNA supercoiling, ebalulekile ekuphindaphindweni kwe-DNA. Uma le misebenzi ivinjelwa, amabhaktheriya awakwazi ukuphinda i-DNA yawo futhi ekugcineni afe.
Amanye ama-antibiotic, njenge-rifampicin, avimbela i-RNA polymerase, i-enzyme ebangela ukubhalwa kwe-DNA ibe yi-RNA. Lokhu kuphazamisa ukwakheka kwe-RNA futhi, ngenxa yalokho, kuvimbela ukucutshungulwa kwamaprotheni okuphumelelayo.
4. Kuphazamisa Umsebenzi Wezindwangu Zamaseli Ebhaktheriya
Ukuthembela kwamagciwane kulwelwesi lweseli njengesivikelo phakathi kwezindawo zangaphandle nezangaphakathi kuvula indlela yama-antibiotic ahlasela lesi sakhiwo. I-Polymyxin B iyisibonelo; le antibiotic ibopha kuma-lipopolysaccharides kulwelwesi lwangaphandle lwamagciwane angenayo i-Gram futhi ibangela ukungena kwelwelwesi, ekugcineni ibulale amagciwane.
5. Kuvimbela iMetabolism yamaBacteria Abalulekile
Amanye ama-antibiotic ahlose izindlela ezibalulekile ze-metabolic eziqondene namabhaktheriya. Ama-sulfonamides, isibonelo, avimbela ukwakheka kwe-folic acid, okudingekayo ekwakhiweni kwe-nucleotide kanye ne-amino acid. Ngaphandle kwe-folic acid, amabhaktheriya awakwazi ukusinda.
Ama-antibiotic kanye nokuphikiswa
Kanye nokusetshenziswa kabanzi kwama-antibiotic, kuvele inkinga enkulu: ukumelana nama-antibiotic. Ama-bacteria anekhono lokuzivumelanisa nezimo lokuthuthukisa izindlela zokumelana nama-antibiotic ngezindlela ezahlukene, njenge:
– Ukuguqulwa Kwezakhi Zofuzo: Izinguquko ezingeni le-DNA ezishintsha umgomo we-antibiotic ngaphakathi kwamagciwane. Isibonelo, izinguquko ezishintsha isakhiwo sendawo yokubopha ku-ribosome zivimbela i-antibiotic ekubopheni.
– Ukudluliswa Kwezakhi Zofuzo Okuvundlile: Amabhaktheriya angathola izakhi zofuzo zokumelana kwamanye amabhaktheriya ngokuguqulwa, ukudluliselwa, noma ukuhlanganiswa. Izakhi zofuzo zokumelana zivame ukutholakala kuma-plasmid, angadluliselwa phakathi kwamabhaktheriya.
– Izinguquko Ekungeneni Kwe-Membrane: Amabhaktheriya anganciphisa ukungena kwe-membrane yawo kuma-antibiotic noma akhe amaphampu e-efflux akhipha ama-antibiotic esitokisini.
Ukwakhiwa kokumelana nama-antibiotic kudinga indlela ehlanganisiwe esukela ezinqubweni zokusebenzisa ama-antibiotic ezihlakaniphile, ukuthuthukiswa kwama-antibiotic amasha, kuya emfundweni yomphakathi mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic.
Isiphetho
Ama-antibiotic ayithuluzi elibalulekile kwezokwelapha elishintshe indlela eselaphe ngayo ukutheleleka ngamagciwane. Asebenza ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, kusukela ekuphazamiseni ukwakheka kodonga lwamaseli ebhaktheriya kuya ekuvimbeleni ukwakheka kwamaprotheni. Kodwa-ke, ngokuvela kokumelana nama-antibiotic, izinselele esibhekene nazo ziyanda. Ukwazi kanye nolwazi lokuthi ama-antibiotic asebenza kanjani kanye nezinyathelo zokuvimbela ukumelana kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ahlala esebenza kahle ekulweni nokutheleleka ngamagciwane esikhathini esizayo. Ukusebenzisa ama-antibiotic ngokuhlakanipha nokulandela iseluleko sezokwelapha yizinyathelo ezibalulekile umuntu ngamunye angazithatha ukuvikela impilo yomhlaba wonke.
