Ukumelana nama-antibiotic kanye nomthelela wawo
Ukumelana nama-antibiotic kungenye yezinselelo ezinkulu kakhulu zezempilo emhlabeni wonke zaleli khulu leminyaka. Kwenzeka lapho amabhaktheriya eshintsha ngendlela yokuthi ama-antibiotic—imithi okufanele ibulale noma ivimbele ukukhula kwawo—angasebenzi kahle. Ngenxa yalokho, izifo ezazilula ukuzelapha ngaphambili zingaba nzima ukuzilawula, zihlale isikhathi eside, futhi zikhulise nengozi yezinkinga nokufa. Enkathini yanamuhla, lapho abantu behamba kakhulu futhi izinsizakalo zezempilo ziyinkimbinkimbi , ukumelana nama-antibiotic akuyona nje inkinga yesibhedlela kodwa kuyisongo sangempela emphakathini wonkana.
Kuyini ukumelana nama-antibiotic?
Ama-antibiotic aklanyelwe ukuqondisa izakhiwo noma izinqubo ezibalulekile ngaphakathi kwamaseli ebhaktheriya, njengodonga lweseli, ukwakheka kwamaprotheni, noma ukuphindaphindwa kwe-DNA. Kodwa-ke, amabhaktheriya ayizinto eziphilayo ezivumelana nezimo kakhulu. Ngokushintshashintsha kwezakhi zofuzo noma ukushintshaniswa kwezinto zofuzo phakathi kwamabhaktheriya, angakha izindlela zokuzivikela ezenza ama-antibiotic angasebenzi.
Ukumelana kungavela kumabhaktheriya abangela izifo avamile njenge-Escherichia coli, i-Staphylococcus aureus, i-Klebsiella pneumoniae, kanye nesifo sofuba i-Mycobacterium. Ukumelana okuthile kungokwemvelo, kodwa izimo eziningi zokumelana ziyavela futhi zisakazeke ngokushesha ngenxa yokucindezela okukhethwayo—okungukuthi, ukuchayeka ngokweqile, okungafanele, noma okungaphelele kuma-antibiotic.
Kwenzeka kanjani ukumelana?
Kunezindlela eziningana eziyinhloko ezisetshenziswa amabhaktheriya ukumelana nama-antibiotic:
1. Ikhiqiza ama-enzyme abhubhisa ama-antibiotic
Isibonelo yi-enzyme ye-beta-lactamase, engabhidliza isakhiwo sama-antibiotic e-beta-lactam njenge-penicillin. Izinhlobo ezinamandla, njenge-ESBL (Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase), zingenza amabhaktheriya amelane nezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-antibiotic.
2. Ukushintsha imigomo yama-antibiotic
Ama-antibiotic asebenza "ngokunamathela" ezinhlosweni ezithile ngaphakathi kwamagciwane. Uma amabhaktheriya eguqula lezi zinhloso, i-antibiotic ngeke isebenze. Lokhu kubonakala ekuphikisweni kwe-methicillin ku-MRSA (i-Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus).
3. Nciphisa ukuthathwa kwama-antibiotic noma wandise ukukhishwa kwawo
Amabhaktheriya angavala “isango lokungena” (i-porin) noma asebenzise amaphampu e-efflux ukukhipha ama-antibiotic esitokisini sebhaktheriya ngaphambi kokuba umuthi usebenze kahle.
4. Ukwakha ama-biofilm
I-biofilm iwungqimba oluvikelayo oludalwa amabhaktheriya lapho enamathela endaweni ethile, njenge-catheter noma izicubu ezithile. Ngaphakathi kwe-biofilm, amabhaktheriya kunzima kakhulu ukuthi ama-antibiotic kanye nesistimu yomzimba afinyelele kuwo, okwenza ukutheleleka kube lula kakhulu ukuba kube okungamahlalakhona nokuphindeka.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhaktheriya "angabelana" ngezakhi zofuzo zokumelana nomunye nomunye ngokusebenzisa ama-plasmid. Le ndlela iyingozi kakhulu ngoba ivumela ukumelana ukusabalala ngokushesha, ngisho naphakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamabhaktheriya.
Izinto ezibangela ukumelana nama-antibiotic
Ukumelana nama-antibiotic akuveli ngenxa yesizathu esisodwa, kodwa kungenxa yokuhlanganiswa kokuziphatha, izinhlelo zezempilo, kanye nemikhuba emikhakheni yemfuyo kanye nemvelo.
1. Ukusetshenziswa okungenangqondo kwama-antibiotic kubantu
Abantu abaningi bathatha ama-antibiotic ngaphandle kwencwadi kadokotela, bagcina okusele, noma bayeke ukwelashwa ngokushesha nje lapho bezizwa bengcono. Kodwa-ke, ukuyeka ama-antibiotic ngokushesha kungashiya amagciwane amelana kakhulu namagciwane anganda.
2. Ukunikezwa kwama-antibiotic ezifweni ezingezona ezamagciwane
Ama-antibiotic awasebenzi ezifweni ezibangelwa amagciwane njenge-flu, umkhuhlane, noma iningi lomphimbo obuhlungu. Kodwa-ke, ama-antibiotic avame ukunikezwa noma ukucelwa yiziguli ezimweni ezingawadingi ngempela.
3. Ukuntuleka kokuthobela iziqondiso zokusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic ezikhungweni zezempilo
Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotic e-broad-spectrum, ukwelashwa okusebenzayo ngaphandle kokuhlolwa kabusha, kanye nokuhlolwa okuncane kokukhuliswa kanye nokuzwela kungasheshisa ukwenzeka kokumelana.
4. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic emfuyweni nasezinhlanzini
Kwezinye izindawo, ama-antibiotic asetshenziswa ukusheshisa ukukhula kwezilwane noma ukuvimbela izifo Lo mkhuba ungabangela ukuvela kwamagciwane amelana namagciwane abese engena ochungechungeni lokudla noma endaweni ezungezile.
5. Ukuhlanzeka okungekuhle kanye nokulawulwa kokutheleleka
Izindawo ezinganakekelwa kahle zenza kube lula ukudluliselwa kwamagciwane, okuhlanganisa nalawo amelana namagciwane. Ezikhungweni zezempilo, ukulawulwa okubuthakathaka kokutheleleka kungaholela ekusabalaleni okusheshayo phakathi kweziguli.
Umthelela wokumelana nama-antibiotic empilweni
Umphumela osobala kakhulu wokumelana nama-antibiotic ubunzima obandayo ekwelapheni izifo. Kodwa imiphumela ibanzi kakhulu:
1. Ukutheleleka okuhlala isikhathi eside futhi okunamandla kakhulu
Uma ama-antibiotic omugqa wokuqala engasebenzi, iziguli zidinga imithi ehlukile engase ingasebenzi kahle, ibe nobuthi kakhulu, noma idinga ukufakelwa ngemithambo yegazi. Lokhu kungaholela ekuhlaleni isikhathi eside esibhedlela kanye nengozi eyengeziwe yezinkinga.
2. Ukwanda kwezinga lokufa
Izifo ezingamelani nemithi, ikakhulukazi ezigulini ezinezivikeli mzimba ezibuthakathaka (isib., izinsana, asebekhulile, iziguli ezinomdlavuza, noma iziguli ezigula kakhulu), zingabulala uma izinketho zama-antibiotic zilinganiselwe.
3. Izindleko zokunakekelwa kwempilo zikhuphuka kakhulu
Ukwelashwa kwezifo ezingamelani nemithi kudinga ukuhlala isikhathi eside esibhedlela, ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe kwelebhu, imithi ebiza kakhulu, kanye nezinqubo ezengeziwe. Lo mthwalo uzwiwa yiziguli, imindeni yazo, kanye nohlelo lwezempilo.
4. Kusongela izinqubo zezokwelapha zesimanje
Izinqubo eziningi zezokwelapha zithembele kuma-antibiotic ukuvimbela ukutheleleka, njengokuhlinzwa okukhulu, ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali, ukufakelwa kwezitho zomzimba, noma ukufakwa kwamadivayisi ezokwelapha. Uma ama-antibiotic engasasebenzi, ingozi yokutheleleka ngemva kwenqubo iyanda futhi inqubo iba yingozi kakhulu.
5. Ingozi yokuqubuka kwalesi sifo emphakathini
Amabhaktheriya amelana namagciwane awatholakali kuphela ku- rumah sakitZingasakazeka ngokuthintana ngqo, ukudla, noma indawo ezungezile—kubangele ukuqubuka kwezifo okunzima ukuzilawula.
Imithelela ebanzi kwezenhlalo nakwezomnotho
Ukumelana nama-antibiotic akugcini nje ngokuthinta imiphumela yezokwelapha. Uma umuntu egula isikhathi eside, ukukhiqiza kwehla, ukufunda kuyaphazamiseka, futhi imali engenayo yomndeni ingathinteka. Ngezinga elikhulu, ukumelana nama-antibiotic kunganciphisa umkhiqizo kazwelonke futhi kwandise ubumpofu ngenxa yezindleko eziphezulu zokunakekelwa kwempilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufinyelela okungalingani kwezempilo kwenza isimo sibe sibi kakhulu: abantu abalwela ukuthola ukuxilongwa okufanele noma ama-antibiotic afanele basengozini enkulu yokuba nezinkinga.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ucwaningo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwama-antibiotic amasha akuthuthuki ngokushesha njengesilinganiso sokuvela kokumelana. Ukuthuthukisa ama-antibiotic kuyabiza futhi kudla isikhathi, kuyilapho izinzuzo zezentengiselwano zivame ukuba zincane kunezokwelashwa kwezifo ezingamahlalakhona. Ngenxa yalokho, umhlaba usengozini yokungena "enkathini yangemva kwama-antibiotic," lapho ngisho nokutheleleka okuncane kungaphinde kube yingozi futhi.
Yini engenziwa ukuvimbela ukumelana nama-antibiotic?
Ukunqoba ukumelana kudinga indlela yokubambisana (“One Health”) ehilela abantu, izilwane kanye nemvelo.
1. Sebenzisa ama-antibiotic kuphela uma kudingeka futhi njengoba uyalelwe.
Uma udokotela wakho engakuniki ama-antibiotic, ungawaphoqi. Uma unikezwe, wathathe ngokwesilinganiso esinconywayo kanye nobude besikhathi. Ungabelani ngama-antibiotic nabanye, futhi ungasebenzisi okusele emithini emidala.
2. Qinisa ukuxilongwa
Ukuhlolwa kwelabhorethri okufana nokuhlolwa kwamagciwane kanye nokuhlolwa kokuzwela kwama-antibiotic kusiza odokotela ukukhetha imithi efanele kakhulu, okunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic okungadingekile.
3. Khulisa ukuvimbela ukutheleleka
Imikhuba yokugeza izandla, imijovo, ukugqoka imaski lapho ugula, kanye nokuhlanzeka kwemvelo kunciphisa ukusabalala kwezifo futhi kunciphisa ngokuzenzakalelayo isidingo sama-antibiotic.
4. Uhlelo lokulawula ama-antibiotic ku rumah sakit (ukuphathwa kwe-antimicrobial)
Isibhedlela Kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa iziqondiso eziqinile, ukuhlolwa njalo kokwelashwa, nokufundisa abasebenzi bezempilo ukuze ama-antibiotic asetshenziswe ngempumelelo nangokuhlakanipha.
5. Lawula ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic emkhakheni wezilwane
Ama-antibiotic akufanele asetshenziswe njengabagqugquzeli bokukhula. Ukuqapha okuqinile kanye nemikhuba yokulima ehlanzekile kunganciphisa isidingo sokusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic amaningi.
6. Imfundo yomphakathi
Ukuqonda ukuthi ama-antibiotic awalona ikhambi - kubalulekile. Imfundo efanele izonciphisa ukuzelapha kanye nokusetshenziswa okungafanele.
I-Penutup
Ukumelana nama-antibiotic kuyinkinga enkulu esongela intuthuko yezokwelapha zanamuhla. Imiphumela yayo ayihlanganisi nje kuphela izifo okunzima ukuzelapha kodwa futhi nokwanda kokufa, izindleko zezempilo, kanye nezingozi zezinqubo ezibalulekile zezokwelapha. Ngenxa yokuthi ukumelana kuqhutshwa ukusetshenziswa okungakhethi kwama-antibiotic kanye nokusabalala kwamagciwane amelana nemithi emikhakheni eyahlukene, ukuvimbela kudinga umzamo wokubambisana ngabantu ngabanye, ochwepheshe bezempilo, ohulumeni, kanye nezimboni zezilwane nezilwane. Ngokusetshenziswa okufanele kwama-antibiotic, ukuhlanzeka okuthuthukisiwe, ukulawulwa kokutheleleka, kanye nemfundo eqhubekayo, singanciphisa izinga lokumelana nama-antibiotic futhi siqinisekise ukuthi ama-antibiotic ahlala esebenza kahle ezizukulwaneni zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo.
