Izisekelo ze-Pharmacy
I-Pharmacology iyigatsha lebhayoloji elifunda izidakamizwa nemiphumela yazo ezintweni eziphilayo. Le sayensi ihlanganisa ulwazi ngemithombo, izakhiwo zamakhemikhali, imiphumela yezinto eziphilayo, izindlela zokusebenza, ukumuncwa, ukusatshalaliswa, ukwakheka kwezicubu zomzimba, kanye nokukhishwa kwezidakamizwa. Ezweni lezokwelapha, i-pharmacology iyinto ebalulekile engenakuhlukaniswa nomkhuba wezempilo wansuku zonke ngoba isiza odokotela nabasebenzi bezokwelapha ukuthi banikeze ukwelashwa okusebenzayo nokuphephile kweziguli.
1. Umlando Omfushane Wezemithi
I-Pharmacy inomlando omude futhi iye yaba yinkimbinkimbi njengoba ulwazi lwabantu luthuthuka. Esikhathini esidlule, abantu basendulo babesebenzisa izitshalo, amaminerali, nezilwane njengemithi. Imiphakathi yasendulo efana neGibhithe, iShayina, iNdiya, neGrisi yaqopha ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene emvelo njengemithi.
Ngekhulu le-19, i-pharmacology yaqala ukuthuthuka njengesayensi ehlelekile. Le ntuthuko yayiqhutshwa kakhulu yintuthuko kwezekhemistri kanye ne-physiology. Ososayensi abanjengoFrançois Magendie, uClaude Bernard, noRudolf Buchheim badlale indima ebalulekile ekubekeni isisekelo se-pharmacology yesimanje.
2. I-Pharmacodynamics kanye ne-Pharmacokinetics
I-Pharmacology ihlukaniswe ngemikhakha emibili eyinhloko, okuyi-pharmacodynamics kanye ne-pharmacokinetics.
1. I-Pharmacodynamics: Lolu ucwaningo lokuthi izidakamizwa zithinta kanjani umzimba. I-Pharmacodynamics ichaza izindlela zokusebenza kwezidakamizwa emazingeni ama-molecule, izicubu, kanye nezitho zomzimba. Le nqubo ihilela ukusebenzisana phakathi kwama-molecule ezidakamizwa nama-receptor eseli, abese ekhiqiza impendulo yomzimba. Isibonelo, ama-enzyme inhibitors afana nama-ACE inhibitors asebenza ngokuvimbela isenzo sama-enzyme nokwehlisa umfutho wegazi.
2. I-Pharmacokinetics: Lolu ucwaningo lokuthi umzimba usebenza kanjani ngemithi, okuhlanganisa nezinqubo zokumuncwa, ukusatshalaliswa, i-metabolism, kanye nokukhishwa kwayo (i-ADME). I-Pharmacokinetics isisiza siqonde ukuthi imiphumela yomuthi izohlala isikhathi esingakanani emzimbeni nokuthi singawunikeza kanjani umthamo ofanele. Isibonelo, imithi eguqulwa ngokushesha yisibindi ingadinga imithamo ephezulu noma ukunikezwa kaningi kunemithi eguqulwa kancane kancane.
3. Ama-Receptors kanye Nendlela Yokusebenza Kwezidakamizwa
Ama-receptors angamaphrotheni emzimbeni abopha izidakamizwa futhi alawule imiphumela yazo yokwelapha. Lawa ma-receptor angatholakala ebusweni beseli noma ngaphakathi kweseli. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zama-receptor, okuhlanganisa:
1. Ama-G-Protein Coupled Receptors (ama-GPCR): Lawa ma-receptor axhunywe kuma-G-proteins kulwelwesi lweseli futhi aqala izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuthumela izimpawu ngaphakathi kweseli. Isibonelo yi-adrenergic receptor ephendula ku-epinephrine.
2. Ama-Ion Channel Receptors: Lawa ma-receptor alawula ukugeleza kwama-ion kuwo wonke ama-membrane esisele. I-Loratadine, isibonelo, isebenza ku-histamine H1 receptor, ethinta iziteshi zama-ion.
3. Ama-Tyrosine Kinase Receptors: Lawa ama-receptor asebenza ekulawuleni ukukhula kwamaseli kanye nokusabalalisa izimpawu ze-metabolic. Isibonelo yi-insulin receptor.
4. Ama-Receptors Angaphakathi Kweseli: Lawa ma-receptor avame ukutholakala kuyi-nucleus yeseli futhi athonya ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo. Isibonelo yi-steroid hormone receptor.
4. Ukumuncwa Kwezidakamizwa
Ukumuncwa kwemithi inqubo lapho umuthi ungena khona egazini usuka endaweni yokuphathwa. Kunezindlela eziningana zokuphathwa kwemithi, okuhlanganisa ngomlomo, ngemithambo yegazi, ngemisipha, ngaphansi kwesikhumba, ngokuphefumula, nge-transdermal, kanye neminye. Indlela ngayinye inezinzuzo kanye nemikhawulo ngokwezinga lokumuncwa kanye nokusebenza kahle.
1. Umlomo: Indlela evame kakhulu yokusetshenziswa ngenxa yokuthi kulula futhi kulula. Kodwa-ke, izici ezifana ne-pH yesisu, ukunyakaza kwesisu, kanye nokuba khona kokudla kungathinta ukumuncwa.
2. Ingena ngemithambo yegazi (IV): Ihambisa imithi ngqo egazini, ivumela ukuqala kokusebenza okusheshayo kanye nokulawulwa okunembile komthamo.
3. Imisipha (IM) kanye ne-Subcutaneous (SC): Inikeza ukuguquguquka esikhathini sokuqala esihamba kancane kune-IV kodwa esisheshayo kunesomlomo.
4. Ukuphefumula kanye ne-Transdermal: Isetshenziswa kakhulu emithini edinga ukumuncwa ngokushesha ngamaphaphu noma esikhumbeni.
5. Ukusatshalaliswa Kwezidakamizwa
Ukusatshalaliswa kwemithi kuchaza indlela umuthi osakazwa ngayo emzimbeni wonke, okuhlanganisa ukusatshalaliswa kwezicubu nezitho zomzimba eziqondiwe. Lokhu kuthonywa yizici ezifana nokugeleza kwegazi, ukungena kwe-membrane, kanye nezakhiwo ze-physicochemical zomuthi. Umthamo wokusatshalaliswa uyipharamitha evame ukusetshenziswa ukuchaza ukusatshalaliswa kwemithi emzimbeni. Kunikeza inkomba yokuthi umuthi ungakanani osakazwa kwezicubu uma kuqhathaniswa nokusala ku-plasma yegazi.
6. Ukuguqulwa Kwemithi
I-Metabolism inqubo yamakhemikhali eguqula ama-compound emithi abe yizinhlobo ezikhishwa kalula. Iningi le-metabolism yemithi lenzeka esibindini ngama-enzyme afana ne-cytochrome P450 (CYP). I-metabolism ingandisa noma yehlise umsebenzi we-pharmacological wemithi. Isibonelo, i-codeine iguqulwa ibe yi-morphine, okuwuhlobo olusebenzayo lwemithi. Izici zofuzo, ukusebenzisana kwemithi, kanye nesimo sempilo yesiguli kungathinta i-metabolism yemithi.
7. Ukukhishwa Kwemithi
Ukukhipha imithi emzimbeni kuyinqubo yokususa izidakamizwa kanye nama-metabolites emzimbeni, okwenziwa kakhulu yizinso ngomchamo. Ngaphezu kwezinso, isibindi, amaphaphu, isikhumba, kanye nomgudu wokugaya ukudla nakho kudlala indima ekukhishweni kwemithi. Izinga lokukhishwa kwayo lithinta ubude kanye namandla emiphumela yomuthi, okwenza kube yinto ebalulekile lapho kuklanywa uhlelo lomthamo.
8. I-Pharmaceutical Toxicology
I-Toxicology iwucwaningo lwemiphumela eyingozi yamakhemikhali amakhemikhali, okuhlanganisa nemithi. Ubuthi bungavela ngenxa yokweqisa izidakamizwa, ukusabela kokungezwani komzimba, ukusebenzisana kwemithi, noma imiphumela emibi engafuneki. Ukuhlolwa kokuphepha kwemithi kuhilela izivivinyo eziqinile zangaphambi kokwelashwa kanye nezemitholampilo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinzuzo zokwelapha zidlula izingozi ezingaba khona.
9. I-Pharmacogenomics
I-Pharmacogenomics isifundo sokuthi ukuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo zomuntu ngamunye kuthinta kanjani impendulo yemithi. Ngokuqonda izakhi zofuzo zesiguli, ukwelashwa ngemithi kungenziwa ngokwezifiso ukuze kufezwe imiphumela emihle kakhulu ngengozi encane yemiphumela emibi. Lena yindawo ethuthuka ngokushesha kwezokwelapha, enikeza amandla okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nokuphepha kokwelashwa.
Isiphetho
I-Pharmacy iyinsimu enkulu ehlanganisa izici eziningi ezahlukene, kusukela ekutholakaleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwemithi kuya ekuphathweni kwezokwelapha kanye nokuhlolwa kwemiphumela yokwelapha, kanye ne-toxicology. Ukuqonda okujulile ngezisekelo ze-pharmacology kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa okuphephile nokuphumelelayo kwemithi kwezokwelapha. Ngocwaningo oluqhubekayo kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, i-pharmacology izoqhubeka nokudlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni imithi kanye nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuphila kwabantu.
