Ukuthengwa Kwemithi Ezibhedlela
Ukuthengwa kwemithi ezibhedlela kuyinqubo ebalulekile ekuhlinzekweni kwezinsizakalo zokunakekelwa kwempilo. Ukutholakala kohlobo olufanele, inani, ikhwalithi, ukutholakala ngesikhathi, kanye namanani emithi angabizi kakhulu kuthinta kakhulu ikhwalithi yesevisi, ukuphepha kweziguli, kanye nokusimama kokusebenza kwezibhedlela. Ngaphandle kohlelo lokuthengwa oluqinile, izibhedlela zisengozini yokuphela kwesitokwe, ukuchitheka kwesabelomali, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemithi okungenangqondo. Ngakho-ke, ukuthengwa kwemithi akuyona nje into yokuthenga, kodwa kunalokho inqubo yokuphatha ehlelekile, kusukela ekuhleleni izidingo kuya ekuhlolweni kokusetshenziswa.
1. Indima ebalulekile yokuthengwa kwezidakamizwa
Imithi iyisici esibiza kakhulu ezinsizeni eziningi zesibhedlela, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezingamahlalakhona, izinqubo zokuhlinzwa, ukunakekelwa okujulile, kanye nokwelashwa ngomdlavuza. Ngaphandle kwenani layo lezomnotho, imithi ihlobene ngqo nokuphepha kwesiguli. Ukukhetha okungalungile komhlinzeki, ukusatshalaliswa okulibazisekile, noma ukugcinwa okungafanele kungalimaza ikhwalithi yemithi futhi kube nemiphumela yezokwelapha. Ngakho-ke, ukuthengwa kwemithi kumele kubhekwe njengenqubo yamasu ehilela amayunithi ahlukahlukene: ukufakwa kwekhemisi, ikomidi lekhemisi kanye nokwelashwa, iyunithi yokuhlela, ezezimali, ukuthengwa kwemithi, kanye nabaphathi abaphezulu.
2. Isigaba sokuhlela izidingo zezidakamizwa
Ukuhlela kuyisisekelo sokuthengwa okuphumelelayo. Izibhedlela zivame ukuhlanganisa uhlu lwezidingo ngokusekelwe kufomulari yesibhedlela, uhlu lwemithi evunyelwe ukusetshenziswa, kanye nezindinganiso zokwelapha. Ukuthuthukiswa kwefomulari ngokuvamile kuhilela iKomidi Lezemithi Nezokwelapha, elicabangela ubufakazi bezokwelapha, ukuphepha, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nezindleko.
Izindlela zokuhlela izidingo zingasebenzisa inhlanganisela yalezi:
– Indlela esuselwe ekusetshenzisweni: ibala izidingo ngokusekelwe kudatha yokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa yangaphambilini, elungiselelwe ukuthambekela kokuvakasha/iziguli, amaphethini esifo, kanye nezinsizakalo ezintsha.
– Indlela esekelwe ekuguleni: ibala ngokusekelwe enanini elilinganisiwe lamacala esifo kanye nezindinganiso zokwelapha (iziqondiso), ezifanele izinhlelo ezithile.
- Ukuhlaziywa kwe-ABC kanye ne-VEN:
– I-ABC isiza ukuqoqa izidakamizwa ngokusekelwe enanini lezindleko (u-A uphakeme kakhulu, u-C uphansi kakhulu).
– Iqembu le-VEN lihlanganisa izidakamizwa ngokusekelwe ezingeni lazo lokubaluleka kwezokwelapha: Okubalulekile, Okubalulekile, Okungabalulekile.
Inhlanganisela ye-ABC-VEN isiza izibhedlela ukuthi zibeke phambili isabelomali futhi zilawule ngokuqinile imithi ebizayo kanye/noma ebalulekile.
Ukuhlela kufanele futhi kumise amazinga aphansi esitokweni, amazinga aphezulu esitokweni, kanye namaphuzu oku-oda kabusha. Lokhu kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukuphela kwesitokwe, ikakhulukazi emithini ethola isikhathi eside sokukhokhelwa noma isidingo esikhulu. Izibhedlela ezinezinsizakalo eziphuthumayo kanye namayunithi okunakekelwa okujulile zivame ukusungula amasheya okugcina emithi ephuthumayo.
3. Ukulungiswa kwesabelomali kanye nemithombo yokuxhaswa ngezimali
Uma izidingo sezitholiwe, isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuhlela isabelomali. Izibhedlela zidinga ukulinganisela izidingo zezokwelapha namandla ezezimali. Izibhedlela ezisebenzisana nezinhlelo zomshuwalense noma izinhlelo zezicelo (njenge-INA-CBGs) kumele zibeke phambili ukusebenza kahle ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ikhwalithi. Ukuxoxisana ngentengo, ukukhethwa kwemithi ejwayelekile esezingeni eliphezulu, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa okulawulwayo kuyizindlela ezivamile.
Isabelomali sokuthengwa kwempahla singavela ezimalini zokusebenza kwesibhedlela, imali engenayo yesevisi, izibonelelo, noma eminye imithombo. Ukucaca kwesabelomali kanye nokuziphendulela kubalulekile ngoba ukuthengwa kwemithi kuvame ukuthambekela ekungasebenzi kahle uma kungaqashelwa eduze.
4. Inqubo yokukhetha abaphakeli kanye nendlela yokuthenga
Ukukhethwa komhlinzeki kufanele kucabangele ukuba semthethweni, idumela, ikhono lokuhlinzeka, ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo, kanye nokuhambisana nemithethonqubo yokusatshalaliswa kwemithi. Okungcono kakhulu, umhlinzeki kufanele abe nelayisensi esemthethweni njengoMthengisi Wemithi Othengisa Ngobuningi (i-PBF) futhi akwazi ukuhlinzeka ngemithi ngokwezindinganiso zokugcina nokuthumela.
Izindlela zokuthenga zingahluka kuye ngohlobo lwesibhedlela kanye nemithethonqubo esebenzayo. Ezinye izindlela ezivamile yilezi:
– Ithenda/indali: ngokuvamile yokuthenga okukhulu ukuqinisekisa amanani ancintisanayo.
– Ukuthenga okuqondile: ngezidingo eziphuthumayo, amanani amancane, noma imithi ethile etholakala kuphela kubaphakeli abathile.
– Ikhathalogi ye-E noma uhlelo lokuthenga nge-elekthronikhi: lusiza ukucaca, ukulinganisa amanani, futhi lusheshise inqubo yokuphatha.
Ezinkontilekeni zokuthenga, izibhedlela kufanele zifake izigaba ezibalulekile njengokuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi, izikhathi zokulethwa, ukushintshwa kwezimpahla ezonakele/eziphelelwe yisikhathi, kanye nezijeziso uma umhlinzeki engagcwalisi isivumelwano.
5. Ukwamukelwa, ukuhlolwa kanye nokugcinwa kwezidakamizwa
Ngemva kokuthengwa kwemithi, isigaba sokwamukelwa endaweni yokugcina imithi ekhemisi kumele sihlolwe ngokucophelela. Ezinye zezindlela zokuhlola zifaka:
– Ukuthobela inani kanye nohlobo lomuthi ngokwe-oda (PO).
– Isimo somzimba sokupakisha, izimpawu kanye namalebula.
– Inombolo yeqembu, usuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi, kanye nemibhalo esekelayo.
– Izimo zokuhamba, ikakhulukazi imithi yochungechunge olubandayo njengemithi yokugoma noma i-insulin.
Ukugcinwa kwemithi kumele kuhambisane nezimiso ze-FIFO (First In First Out) kanye ne-FEFO (First Expired First Out), ngezilungiselelo ezifanele zokushisa kanye nomswakama. Eminye imithi idinga ukugcinwa okukhethekile: izidakamizwa/izidakamizwa zengqondo kumele zigcinwe ekamelweni elikhiyiwe ngokugcinwa kwamarekhodi okuqinile, kuyilapho imithi eqaphile kakhulu idinga ukulebula kanye nezinqubo zokusabalalisa eziphephile.
6. Ukusatshalaliswa kumayunithi esevisi kanye nokulawulwa kokusetshenziswa
Ukusatshalaliswa kwemithi evela ekhemisi kuya emayunithi afana neziguli ezilaliswe esibhedlela, iziguli ezingalaliswa esibhedlela, i-ICU, kanye neminyango yezimo eziphuthumayo kumele kuqinisekiswe ukunemba kanye nesivinini. Izinhlelo zokusabalalisa zingafaka:
– Ukunikezwa komthamo weyunithi: imithi ilungiswa ngomthamo ngamunye wesiguli ngasinye, okwandisa ukuphepha kodwa kudinga uhlelo oluhle kanye nezinsizakusebenza zabantu.
– Isitokwe esiphansi esilawulwayo: izitokwe ezithile zemithi zifakwa egunjini lokunakekelwa ngaphansi kokuqashwa kwemithi.
– Uhlelo lomuthi ngamunye: imithi inikezwa ngokwezidingo zikamuthi kanye nesiguli.
Ukulawulwa kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kwenziwa ngokuhlolwa kwemithi kadokotela, ukuqapha ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic (ukuphathwa kwama-antimicrobial), kanye nokuhlola ukuhambisana nemithethonqubo. Ukuthengwa okuhle kumele kuhambisane nokusetshenziswa okunengqondo; ngaphandle kwalokho, amasheya azophela ngokushesha ngenxa yemithi engafanele noma imithi ebizayo izochithwa.
7. Ukulawulwa kwezingozi: ukushoda, ukuphelelwa yisikhathi, kanye nemithi mbumbulu
Izingozi ezinkulu ekuthengweni kwemithi ukuphela kwesitokwe kanye nemithi ephelelwe yisikhathi. Ukuphela kwesitokwe kungaphazamisa ukwelashwa kweziguli futhi kuphoqelele ukufakwa esikhundleni kwemithi engase ingafaneleki. Ukuphelelwa yisikhathi kuholela ekulahlekelweni kwezimali kanye nezinkinga zokuthobela imithetho. Amasu angasetshenziswa afaka:
- Ukuqapha isitokwe ngesikhathi sangempela ngohlelo lolwazi lwemithi.
- Hlela kabusha ukusethwa kwephuzu ngokusekelwe kudatha yangempela.
– Sabalalisa kabusha isitoko phakathi kwamayunithi bese usibuyisela kubaphakeli noma nini lapho kungenzeka.
– Ukubikezela okusekelwe ezindleleni zezifo zesizini kanye nezinhlelo zesevisi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izibhedlela kumele ziqaphele ukusabalala kwezidakamizwa mbumbulu noma ezingekho emthethweni. Ngakho-ke, ukuthengwa kwezidakamizwa kufanele kwenziwe kuphela ngemigudu esemthethweni, ngokuhlolwa kwamadokhumenti kanye nokulandelela amaqoqo uma kwenzeka noma yiziphi izehlakalo ezimbi.
8. Indima yobuchwepheshe kanye nezinhlelo zolwazi
Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokuthengwa kwempahla. Uhlelo lolwazi lokuphathwa kwesibhedlela (i-SIMRS) oluhlanganiswe nekhemisi lwenza:
- Ukuhlela okusekelwe kudatha yokusetshenziswa.
- Ukuqapha isitokwe, izinsuku zokuphelelwa yisikhathi, kanye nokuhamba kwezimpahla.
- Ukubika izindleko, amanani esitokwe, kanye nezidakamizwa ezibalulekile.
- Ukuhlanganiswa nokuthengwa kwempahla nge-elekthronikhi ukuze kusheshiswe ukuthenga.
Ngedatha enhle, abaphathi bangenza izinqumo ezisheshayo uma kukhona ukwanda kwesidingo noma ukuphazamiseka kokuhlinzekwa.
9. Ukuhlola okuqhubekayo kanye nentuthuko
Ukuthengwa kwemithi kumele kuhlolwe njalo. Izinkomba ezingasetshenziswa zifaka:
– Amaphesenti okuntuleka kwemithi ebalulekile.
– Amanani emithi aphelelwe yisikhathi futhi onakele.
- Ukuhambisana nefomulari.
- Isivinini sokugcwaliseka kwezicelo zeyunithi yesevisi.
– Ukusebenza kahle kwentengo kanye nokunemba komhlinzeki.
Imiphumela yokuhlola isetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa izinqubo, ukuvuselela amafomula, kanye nokuthuthukisa ikhono labasebenzi abathintekayo.
Isiphetho
Ukuthengwa kwemithi ezibhedlela kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi neyisu, ehilela ukuhlela izidingo, ukuhlela isabelomali, ukukhetha abaphakeli, ukuthenga, ukwamukela, ukugcina, ukusatshalaliswa, kanye nokuhlola. Umgomo wokugcina ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwemithi eqinisekisiwe esezingeni eliphezulu, ngentengo engabizi kakhulu, nokusekela ukuphepha kweziguli. Ngezinhlelo eziqinisiwe, ukubusa okusobala, kanye nokusekelwa kwezobuchwepheshe, izibhedlela zingakwazi ukusebenzisa ukuthengwa kwemithi ngempumelelo nangokuphendula ezidingweni ezishintshashintshayo zezinsizakalo zokunakekelwa kwempilo.
