Indlela Ilanga Elithinta Ngayo Isimo Sezulu Somhlaba
ILanga liwumthombo wamandla oyinhloko woMhlaba. Cishe zonke izinqubo ezibumba isimo sezulu nesimo sezulu—kusukela ekuhwamukeni kolwandle kanye nokwakheka kwamafu kuya ekujikelezeni komoya kanye ne-photosynthesis—ziqala ngokukhanya kwelanga okufinyelela emoyeni nasemkhathini womhlaba wethu. Kodwa-ke, ithonya leLanga esimweni sezulu alilula njengoba “lapho ilanga likhanya kakhulu, liyashisa kakhulu.” Kunezindlela eziningi ezixhumene: ukuhlukahluka kwamandla elanga, indlela umkhathi omunca futhi ubonise ngayo imisebe, indima yolwandle njengoba ukushisa kucwila, kanye nezinguquko ekujikelezeni koMhlaba ngezikhathi ezinde kakhulu. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela iLanga elithonya ngayo isimo sezulu soMhlaba ngezindlela ezahlukene.
1. Amandla elanga njenge "injini" yesimo sezulu
Isimo sezulu empeleni siyisilinganiso sesikhathi eside sezimo zezulu. Isimo sezulu sansuku zonke singashintsha ngokushesha, kodwa isimo sezulu sinqunywa ibhalansi yamandla: ukuthi kungakanani amandla elanga angenayo akhishwayo nokuthi kungakanani okukhishwayo emuva emkhathini. Amandla angenayo ngokuyinhloko imisebe ye-shortwave (ebonakalayo, i-ultraviolet, kanye nokukhanya okuseduze kwe-infrared). Amanye amandla amuncwa ubuso nomoya, kanti amanye abonakala emuva ngamafu, izinhlayiya ze-aerosol, kanye nezindawo ezikhanyayo njengeqhwa.
Umhlaba ube usuphinda ukhiphe amandla njengemisebe yamagagasi amade (infrared). Yilapho umphumela wokushisa oqala khona ukusebenza: amagesi afana nomhwamuko wamanzi, i-carbon dioxide, i-methane, kanye ne-nitrous oxide amunca eminye yale misebe ye-infrared bese eyiphinda ayikhiphe, okwenza indawo ifudumale kunokuba ibiyoba njalo ngaphandle komkhathi woMhlaba. Ngamanye amazwi, iLanga linikeza amandla, kuyilapho umkhathi unquma ukuthi lawo mandla "agcinwa" isikhathi esingakanani ohlelweni lwesimo sezulu.
2. I-Albedo: indima yokuzindla ekulawuleni izinga lokushisa
Isihluthulelo esisodwa sokuqonda ithonya leLanga yi-albedo, iphesenti lemisebe yelanga ebonakala emuva emkhathini. Izindawo ezikhanyayo njengeqhwa neqhwa zine-albedo ephezulu, ekhombisa ukukhanya okwengeziwe futhi ethambekele ekupholiseni uMhlaba. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izilwandle ezimnyama noma amahlathi aminyene amunca amandla engeziwe, afudumale uMhlaba.
I-Albedo nayo ithintwa kakhulu amafu. Amafu aminyene angabonakalisa kakhulu imisebe yelanga (ukupholisa), kodwa angabamba nemisebe ye-infrared ekhishwa uMhlaba (ukufudumala). Umphumela ophelele uncike ohlotsheni lwamafu, ukuphakama, kanye nobukhulu. Ngenxa yokuthi iLanga liwumthombo wemisebe eboniswa amafu neqhwa, izinguquko ku-albedo ziyindlela iLanga "elilawula" ngayo isimo sezulu ngokungaqondile.
3. Ukwehluka komsebenzi welanga: amabala elanga kanye nomjikelezo weminyaka eyi-11
ILanga alilona ukukhanya okungaguquki. Linomjikelezo womsebenzi wamagnetic, owaziwa kakhulu kuwo umjikelezo weminyaka engaba ngu-11, obonakala ngokushintsha kwenani lamabala elanga. Njengoba umsebenzi ukhula, kuba nezinguquko ezincane emandleni aphelele akhishwa yiLanga, aziwa ngokuthi yi-Total Solar Irradiance (TSI). Izinguquko ku-TSI kulo lonke lo mjikelezo zincane kakhulu (cishe ingxenye yeshumi yephesenti), kodwa zisengathinta umoya ophezulu kanye namaphethini athile okujikeleza kwegazi.
Ngaphezu kwe-TSI, ukwehluka kokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet (UV) kungaba okubaluleke kakhulu kunezinguquko zamandla aphelele. I-UV ithonya kakhulu i-chemistry yomkhathi, ikakhulukazi ukwakheka kanye nezinguquko ku-ozone ku-stratosphere. Izinguquko ku-ozone zingashintsha ukusatshalaliswa kwezinga lokushisa ku-stratosphere, futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, imiphumela yazo "ingalandela" iye ku-troposphere, lapho kwenzeka khona isimo sezulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umthelela womsebenzi welanga awugcini nje ngokushisa okuqondile kodwa futhi nangezinguquko esakhiweni somkhathi.
4. Ithonya lelanga olwandle: indawo enkulu kunazo zonke yokushisa
Izilwandle zimunca iningi lamandla elanga afinyelela phezulu. Ngenxa yamandla azo amakhulu okushisa, izilwandle zisebenza “njengamabhethri” esimo sezulu, zigcina ukushisa isikhathi esithile futhi zikukhulule kancane kancane. Amaza olwandle asiza ukuhambisa ukushisa kusuka ezindaweni ezishisayo kuya ezindaweni eziphakeme, ngaleyo ndlela zilinganisele umehluko wokushisa komhlaba.
Ukusebenzisana kwelanga, ulwandle, kanye nomkhathi kubonakala nasezimweni ezifana ne-El Niño kanye ne-La Niña. Nakuba lezi zenzakalo "zingadalwanga" ngokuqondile yizinguquko elangeni, amandla elanga amuncwa ulwandle yiwona uphethiloli oyinhloko walezi zinguquko. Ukwehluka kokumuncwa kokushisa, izinguquko emimoyeni yezohwebo, kanye nokushintshana kokushisa kolwandle nomoya kungashintsha amaphethini emvula kanye namazinga okushisa emhlabeni wonke.
5. Ukuthambekela kwe-axial yomhlaba kanye nezinkathi zonyaka: ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla elanga
Abantu bavame ukucabanga ukuthi izinkathi zenzeka ngoba ibanga loMhlaba neLanga liyashintsha. Kodwa-ke, imbangela eyinhloko yezinkathi ukuthambekela koMhlaba okuma-axial okungama-degrees angu-23,5. Ngenxa yalokhu kuthambekela, amandla nobude bokukhanya kwelanga kuyahlukahluka unyaka wonke ezindaweni ezahlukene. Lapho iNyakatho yeNkabazwe ithambekele eLangeni, ihlangabezana nehlobo: izinsuku ezinde kanye ne-engeli eqondile yokwenzeka, okuholela emandleni amakhulu endaweni ngayinye. Ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho uMhlaba uthambekele kude, uhlangabezana nobusika.
Lokhu kusatshalaliswa kwamandla elanga okungalingani kuqhuba ukujikeleza komkhathi womhlaba wonke: umoya ofudumele ukhuphuka ezindaweni ezishisayo, udlulele ezindaweni eziphakeme, bese wehla futhi, wakhe amaseli okujikeleza njengeHadley, iFerrel, kanye nePolar. Imimoya kanye nemisinga yolwandle "amathuluzi" uMhlaba asebenzisa ukusabalalisa amandla elanga ukuze angaqongelelani ezindaweni ezishisayo kuphela.
6. Izinguquko zesikhathi eside ze-orbital: Imijikelezo ye-Milankovitch
Ngesilinganiso seminyaka eyizinkulungwane kuya kwamakhulu ezinkulungwane, isimo sezulu soMhlaba sithonywa nayizinguquko ekujikelezeni nasekuqondeni koMhlaba, okwaziwa ngokuthi imijikelezo yaseMilankovitch. Kunezingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko:
1. Ukuma okuqondile: ukuma komjikelezo woMhlaba kuyashintsha kusuka ekubeni yindilinga kakhulu kuya ekubeni yi-oval kakhulu.
2. Ukungafinyeleli: i-engeli ye-axis yoMhlaba ishintsha kancane.
3. Ukuqala: “ukuntengantenga” kwe-axis yoMhlaba kushintsha isikhathi sezinkathi zonyaka maqondana nendawo yoMhlaba ekuzungelezeni.
Le mijikelezo ayishintshi kakhulu inani eliphelele lamandla elanga atholwa yiMhlaba, kodwa ishintsha ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla ngokwesizini kanye ne-latitude. Lezi zinguquko ekusatshalalisweni zingabangela noma ziqede isikhathi seqhwa, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezimpendulo ezifana nokushintsha kobubanzi beqhwa kanye ne-albedo.
7. Impendulo yesimo sezulu: ukuqinisa noma ukwenza buthaka ithonya leLanga
Ithonya leLanga livame ukwandiswa noma ukuncipha ngenxa yezimpendulo ohlelweni lwesimo sezulu. Isibonelo, uma inani elincane lokufudumala libangela ukuba iqhwa lincibilike, i-albedo iyancipha, amandla elanga amaningi ayamuncwa, futhi ukufudumala kuyanda—lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi impendulo enhle. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ezinye izindlela zingasebenza njengezimpendulo ezimbi, njengokwanda kwemisebe ye-infrared ekhishwa uMhlaba njengoba amazinga okushisa enyuka, okusiza ukulinganisela uhlelo.
Amafu, umhwamuko wamanzi, kanye neqhwa kuyizinto ezibalulekile ngoba zithonya ngqo indlela amandla elanga angena futhi acutshungulwa ngayo. Ubunzima balezi zimpendulo yingakho izimpendulo zesimo sezulu ezinguqukweni ezincane emisebeni yelanga zingahlali ziqondile.
8. Ilanga nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kwanamuhla: iyini indima yalo?
Ezingxoxweni zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kwanamuhla, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwethonya lemvelo leLanga kanye nethonya lomsebenzi womuntu. Ososayensi bayavuma ukuthi ukuhlukahluka komsebenzi welanga kunegalelo ekuguqukeni kwesimo sezulu, kodwa ubufakazi bokubuka busikisela ukuthi ukufudumala komhlaba kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 akunakuchazwa yizinguquko zelanga zodwa. Umkhuba wokufudumala onamandla, iphethini yokufudumala komoya (isb., ukufudumala kwe-troposphere kuyilapho i-stratosphere ivame ukupholisa), kanye nokwanda kokugcwala kwamagesi okushisa okushisa kukhomba indima eyinhloko yezici ezibangelwa abantu.
Nokho, lokhu akusho ukuthi iLanga “alibalulekile.” ILanga lihlala lingumthombo oyinhloko wamandla, futhi ukuqonda ukuhlukahluka kwalo kusabalulekile ekuhlukaniseni izimpawu zemvelo kulezo ezibangelwa imisebenzi yabantu, kuyilapho kuthuthukiswa nokunemba kwamamodeli esimo sezulu.
Isiphetho
ILanga lithonya isimo sezulu soMhlaba ngezindlela eziningi: njengomthombo wamandla oyinhloko, ngokushintsha kwe-albedo, ngokushintshashintsha komsebenzi wamagnetic kanye nemisebe ye-UV, nangokulawulwa kokusatshalaliswa kwamandla ngokuthambekela kwe-axial kanye nemijikelezo yesikhathi eside ye-orbital. Izilwandle kanye nomkhathi bese kucubungula la mandla ngokujikeleza okuyinkimbinkimbi, ukugcinwa kokushisa, kanye nokusabela. Ngokuqonda lezi zindlela, singabona ukuthi isimo sezulu soMhlaba siwumphumela wokuxhumana okuguquguqukayo phakathi kwamandla eLanga kanye nohlelo loMhlaba—nokuthi izinguquko ezincane kunoma iyiphi ingxenye eyodwa zingabangela izinguquko ezinkulu uma zikhuliswa ukusabela okuthile.
