Ithonya Lezinto Zemvelo Emkhathini Wezinkanyezi
I-Astronomy yisayensi efunda izinto kanye nezenzakalo ezingaphandle koMhlaba, okuhlanganisa amaplanethi, izinkanyezi, imithala, kanye nezenzakalo zemvelo ezahlukahlukene ezenzeka emkhathini. Kodwa-ke, izenzakalo zemvelo ezenzeka eMhlabeni nasemkhathini nazo zinethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwezinkanyezi. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngezenzakalo zemvelo ezahlukahlukene ezithonya izinkanyezi.
1. Isimo Sezulu Nomswakama
Isimo sezulu nomswakama womhlaba kudlala indima ebalulekile ekubonweni kwezinkanyezi. Izazi zezinkanyezi zithembele kakhulu ekhwalithini yomoya kanye nezimo zomkhathi ukuze zenze ukubonwa okunembile. Amazinga aphezulu omswakama kanye namafu aminyene kungavimba ukubuka kwezinkanyezi namaplanethi ngama-telescope. Ngakho-ke, izindawo zokubukela ezinkulu ngokuvamile zakhiwa ezindaweni ezinezimo zomkhathi ezizinzile, njengeziqongo zezintaba eziphakeme, lapho umoya unciphile futhi ungathinteki kakhulu umswakama nesimo sezulu esibi.
Isibonelo, i-Paranal Observatory eChile itholakala e-Atacama Desert, enye yezindawo ezomile kakhulu emhlabeni. Ukuntuleka kwamafu nomswakama lapho kuvumela ukubonwa okucacile nokunemininingwane eminingi. Ngokufanayo, i-Mauna Kea Observatory eHawaii, ephezu kwentaba engamamitha angu-4.200, inikeza umoya ohlanzekile nozinzile.
2. Imiphumela Yokungcola Kokukhanya
Ukungcoliswa kokukhanya kuyinto yesimanje ethinta kakhulu izinkanyezi. Ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, ukukhanya okwenziwe okuvela ezibanini zasemgwaqweni, emabhodini okukhangisa, kanye nezakhiwo kunciphisa ikhono lokubona kahle isibhakabhaka sasebusuku. Ukungcoliswa kokukhanya kudala "idome lokukhanya" elifihla ukukhanya kwezinkanyezi. Ngenxa yalokho, izazi zezinkanyezi ezisafufusa nezingochwepheshe zinobunzima bokubona izinto zasezulwini ezingabonakali kahle.
Ukuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi okwenziwa ezindaweni ezivezwe ekungcolisweni kokukhanya kudinga ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile, njengokusetshenziswa kwezihlungi ukunciphisa imiphumela yokukhanya okwenziwe. Lesi simo siphinde sashukumisela umphakathi wezinkanyezi ukuthi ukhuthaze ukuncishiswa kokungcoliswa kokukhanya futhi wethule umqondo we-"Dark Sky Reserves," lapho ukwakhiwa kwezibani ezenziwe kulawulwa futhi kunqunyelwe ukulondoloza ikhwalithi yesibhakabhaka sasebusuku.
3. Umsebenzi Wezintaba-mlilo Nokuzamazama Komhlaba
Umsebenzi wezintaba-mlilo kanye nokuzamazama komhlaba nakho kuthinta ukubhekwa kwezinkanyezi. Ukuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo kungakhipha uthuli kanye nezinhlayiya zothuli emkhathini, ezingahamba izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha futhi zihlale emoyeni izinyanga eziningi. Lezi zinhlayiya zingaphazamisa ukubhekwa kwezinkanyezi ngokufihla umbono wesibhakabhaka futhi zithinte ukudluliselwa kokukhanya okuvela ezintweni zasezulwini kuya kuma-telescope.
Ukuzamazama komhlaba nakho kunamandla okulimaza izindawo zokubukela, ikakhulukazi uma indawo yokubukela isendaweni evame ukuzamazama. Izakhiwo nezinsimbi zokwakha ezibucayi zingathinteka ukudlidliza kokuzamazama komhlaba. Ngakho-ke, izindawo zokubukela ezindaweni ezivame ukuzamazama komhlaba zivame ukwakhiwa ngobuchwepheshe obungamelani nokuzamazama komhlaba futhi zihlonyiswe ngezinhlelo zokuphendula eziphuthumayo ukuvikela imishini yazo eyigugu.
4. Umthelela Wesimo Sezulu Esibi Kakhulu
Isimo sezulu esibi kakhulu, njengeziphepho zeqhwa, imimoya enamandla, kanye nemvula enamandla, singaphazamisa nemisebenzi yezinkanyezi. Iqhwa elinamandla kanye nemimoya enamandla kunganciphisa noma kumise ngisho nokusebenza kokubuka. Isimo sezulu esibi asigcini nje ngokuphazamisa ukubuka kodwa futhi sandisa ingozi yokulimala kwemishini kanye nesakhiwo sezindawo zokubuka.
Ukuze kuxazululwe lezi zinselele, izindawo eziningi zokubuka izithombe zinezakhiwo ezivikela ama-telescope esimweni sezulu esibi kakhulu. Ezinye izindawo zineziphahla zedome ezikwazi ukuhoxiswa ukuze zivikele ama-telescope ezimweni zesimo sezulu esibi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindawo zokubuka izithombe zisebenzisa idatha yesimo sezulu enembile ukuhlela ukubuka nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-telescope avulwa kuphela uma izimo ziphephile futhi zilungile.
5. Ezinye Izinto Zemvelo
Ngaphandle kwemiphumela ezwakalayo eMhlabeni, izenzakalo zemvelo emkhathini nazo zidlala indima ekufundweni kwezinkanyezi. Isibonelo, iziphepho zelanga, noma ama-solar flares, zingathinta ukubonwa kwezinkanyezi. Izinhlayiya ezishajiwe ezikhishwa ngesikhathi seziphepho zelanga zingaphazamisa imishini kagesi kanye nokudluliselwa kwesignali okungabonakali kanye nezithombe ezivela kuma-telescope asemkhathini.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla kazibuthe oMhlaba asebenzisana nezinhlayiya ezivela emoyeni welanga adala ama-aurora, okungathinta ukubonwa kwezinkanyezi ezindaweni ezibandayo. Nakuba i-aurora ngokwayo iyisenzakalo esimangalisayo, ukukhanya ekukhiqizayo kungaphazamisa ukubuka isibhakabhaka sasebusuku.
6. Ubuchwepheshe Nokusungula Izinto Ezintsha Ekunqobeni Izinselele
Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, kuye kwathuthukiswa izinto ezintsha ezahlukahlukene ukuze kuxazululwe izinselele ezibangelwa yizinto zemvelo. Isibonelo, i-Adaptive Optics (AO) ubuchwepheshe obuyinkimbinkimbi obusetshenziswa kuma-telescope anamuhla ukunciphisa imiphumela ehlanekezelayo yomkhathi woMhlaba. I-AO isebenzisa izibuko ezingalungisa isimo sazo ngesikhathi sangempela ukuze zibuyisele izinguquko zomkhathi, okuholela ezithombeni ezicacile nezibukhali.
Ubuchwepheshe besathelayithi kanye namatheleskopu asemkhathini nakho kunikeze izixazululo zokunqoba izithiyo eziningi ezibangelwa yizinto zemvelo eMhlabeni. Amatheleskopu asemkhathini njengeHubble Space Telescope atholakala ngaphandle komkhathi woMhlaba, ngakho awathinteki yisimo sezulu, ukungcola kokukhanya, noma ukuphambuka komkhathi. Lokhu kuvumela izazi zezinkanyezi ukuthola umbono ocacile nojulile wendawo yonke.
Isiphetho
Izenzakalo zemvelo zinomthelela omkhulu kusayensi yezinkanyezi, kokubili ezenzeka eMhlabeni nasemkhathini. Kusukela esimweni sezulu kanye nokungcola kokukhanya kuya emisebenzini yezintaba-mlilo kanye neziphepho zelanga, lezi zenzakalo zibeka izinselele izazi zezinkanyezi okufanele zinqobe ekubukeni kwazo. Kodwa-ke, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha kuyaqhubeka kuvumela ososayensi ukuthi bamele izindlela ezintsha zokunqoba lezi zinselele kanye nokuqhubekisela phambili ukuhlola indawo yonke.
Ngolwazi nobuchwepheshe obuthuthuka njalo, sisondela ekuqondeni kangcono ukuthi indawo yonke isebenza kanjani nokuthi singena kuphi kuyo. Umbono wethu ngezinkanyezi ungase ufihlwe ngezikhathi ezithile, kodwa ukuzimisela kwesintu ukuhlola amazulu kusalokhu kungaguquki.
