Indlela Isiteshi Sesikhala Samazwe Ngamazwe Esisebenza Ngayo
I-International Space Station (ISS) ingenye yempumelelo enkulu yabantu ekuhloleni isikhala. I-ISS ayisebenzi nje kuphela njengelabhorethri yocwaningo kodwa futhi njengendawo yokuhlala yesikhathi eside yabashayeli bezindiza abavela emazweni ahlukahlukene. Ukufunda ukuthi i-ISS isebenza kanjani kuvula amehlo ethu ezicini ezahlukene zesikhala, kusukela kubuchwepheshe nesayensi kuya empilweni yansuku zonke. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngokuthi i-International Space Station isebenza kanjani ngezindlela ezahlukene.
Isakhiwo se-ISS namaModule
I-ISS inamamojula amaningana axhumene asebenza ndawonye ukufeza imisebenzi eyahlukahlukene. Lawa mamojula afaka imojula yelabhorethri, imojula yezindlu, imojula yamandla, kanye nemojula yokumisa.
1. Amamojula Ocwaningo: Amamojula afana ne-Destiny (USA) kanye ne-Columbus (ESA) asetshenziselwa ukwenza izivivinyo zesayensi. Kula mamojula, osomkhathi benza ucwaningo oluhlukahlukene ku-biology, i-physics, i-chemistry, ubuchwepheshe bezinto ezibonakalayo, kanye nempilo obekungenakwenzeka eMhlabeni ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi.
2. Imodyuli Yezindlu: Amamojula afana neZvezda (eRussia) ahlinzeka ngezindawo zokuhlala eziyisisekelo njengokulala, ukudla, kanye neminye imisebenzi yansuku zonke. Lawa mamojula afaka igumbi lokulala elincane lelungu ngalinye leqembu, ikhishi, kanye nendlu yokugezela.
3. I-Energy Module: I-ISS ithola amandla ayo kusuka kumaphaneli amakhulu elanga afakwe ngaphandle kwesiteshi. Lawa mandla agcinwa kumabhethri bese esatshalaliswa kwamanye amamojula.
4. Imodyuli Yokumisa: Lesi siteshi sasemkhathini sinamamojula amaningana okumisa njengeNode 2 (Harmony) kanye neNode 3 (Ukuthula) asetshenziselwa ukumisa imikhumbi-mkhathi eMhlabeni, kokubili ukuthumela osomkhathi kanye nokuthumela izimpahla kanye nokuhlolwa kwesayensi.
Ubuchwepheshe Bokusekela Ukuphila
Ukuze kusekelwe ukuphila esikhaleni isikhathi eside, i-ISS ifakwe ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene obuthuthukisiwe:
1. Uhlelo Lokwelapha Umoya: Umoya ose-ISS uqashwa njalo futhi ucutshungulwa ukuqinisekisa amazinga e-oxygen azinzile kanye nokususwa kwe-carbon dioxide. Lolu hlelo lokwelapha umoya luvimbela nokunqwabelana kwezinto eziyingozi.
2. Uhlelo Lwamanzi: Emkhathini, amanzi ayigugu. I-ISS inesistimu yokuvuselela amanzi engacubungula umchamo, ukujuluka, kanye nomswakama womoya ibe ngamanzi ahlanzekile. Lolu hlelo lusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi akhiqizwayo aphephile futhi awanazo izinto ezingcolisayo.
3. Uhlelo Lokulawula Izinga Lokushisa: I-ISS kumele igcine izinga lokushisa lizinzile futhi likhululekile ngaphakathi esiteshini. Ukuze kufezwe lokhu, kusetshenziswa uhlelo lokulawula izinga lokushisa olusebenzayo nolungenamsebenzi, oluhlanganisa isivikelo sokushisa, i-radiator, kanye nohlelo lokupholisa olusebenzisa i-coolant ukumunca nokukhipha ukushisa.
4. Ukuphathwa Kwemfucuza: Imfucuza e-ISS iphathwa ngokucophelela. Imfucuza eqinile njengodoti kanye nemfucuza yabantu iyacindezelwa, igcinwe, bese ibuyiselwa eMhlabeni ukuze ilahlwe ngokuphephile.
Impilo Yansuku Zonke Ku-ISS
Impilo e-ISS ihluke kakhulu empilweni eMhlabeni. Osomkhathi kumele bazivumelanise nezimo zamandla adonsela phansi amancane, okwenza imisebenzi eminingi yansuku zonke ibe nzima. Nazi ezinye izici ezithakazelisayo zokuphila kwansuku zonke e-ISS:
1. Ukudla: Ukudla okuse-ISS komiswa kakhulu noma kuza ngephakheji ehlala isikhathi eside. Lokhu kudla kuqala kufakwe amanzi bese kufudunyezwa ku-microwave ekhethekile.
2. Ukulala: Ukulala ku-ISS kwenzeka ezikhwameni zokulala ezinamathele ezindongeni zemodyuli. Lezi zikhwama zigcina osomkhathi besendaweni yabo ezimweni ze-microgravity.
3. Ukuzivocavoca: Ukuzivocavoca kubalulekile kwi-ISS ukuvimbela ukuwohloka kwemisipha nokulahlekelwa amathambo ngenxa yezimo zokudonsa phansi okungenawo amandla adonsela phansi. Imishini ehlukahlukene yokuzivocavoca, njengemishini yokunyathela, amabhayisikili angasebenzi, kanye nemishini yokuqeqesha ukumelana, yenzelwe ngqo ukusetshenziswa kulezi zimo.
4. Xhumana Nomhlaba: I-ISS inesistimu yokuxhumana eyinkimbinkimbi evumela osomkhathi ukuthi baxhumane nezikhungo zokulawula eMhlabeni. Bangathumela nama-imeyili futhi benze izingcingo zevidiyo nomndeni nabangane.
Ucwaningo kanye nokuhlolwa
Enye yezinhloso eziyinhloko ze-ISS ukwenza ucwaningo olungenakwenziwa eMhlabeni. Ukuhlolwa kwe-ISS kuhlanganisa izindawo eziningi ezahlukene:
1. I-Astronomy: I-module yelabhorethri ye-ISS ifakwe amadivayisi okubuka isikhala ukuze afunde izenzakalo zemvelo ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okuvela emoyeni woMhlaba.
2. I-Biology kanye ne-Biotechnology: Ucwaningo ngokukhula kwezitshalo, izinto ezincane, kanye namaseli abantu ngaphansi kwezimo ze-microgravity lunganikeza ukuqonda okusha ngempilo yabantu kanye nobuchwepheshe bokudla.
3. I-Material Physics: Ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo okufana nokwakheka kwamaprotheni kanye nezinqubo zokwakha insimbi kwenziwa kwi-ISS ukuthuthukisa izinto ezintsha nokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza eMhlabeni.
4. Imithi: Ucwaningo lwemithi ku-ISS luvumela ososayensi ukuthi bathuthukise imithi emisha ngokuhlaziya ukuthi izifo nemithi kusebenzelana kanjani ezimweni ezingenamandla adonsela phansi.
Ukubambisana Kwamazwe Ngamazwe
I-ISS iwumsebenzi wokubambisana wamazwe ngamazwe ohilela izinhlangano zasemkhathini ezivela emazweni ayi-15, okuhlanganisa i-NASA (United States), i-Roscosmos (Russia), i-ESA (Europe), i-JAXA (Japan), kanye ne-CSA (Canada). Lokhu kubambisana akubandakanyi nje kuphela ukwakhiwa nokugcinwa kwesiteshi, kodwa futhi nokuthunyelwa kwezinkanyezi kanye nocwaningo lwesayensi.
Lokhu kubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kuvumela i-ISS ukuthi ibe yipulatifomu eyingqayizivele yezokuxhumana kwezesayensi, lapho amazwe angasebenzisana khona ukuze aphishekele imigomo efanayo ekuhloleni isikhala. Umnikelo wezwe ngalinye awuhlanganisi nje kuphela uxhaso kanye nezinsizakusebenza, kodwa futhi nokuthunyelwa kwabasubathi bezinkanyezi nososayensi kwi-ISS.
Ikusasa le-ISS
I-ISS ihlelwe ukuthi isebenze kuze kube ngu-2030. Ngemva kwalokho, cishe izothathelwa indawo yisiteshi esisha sasemkhathini esakhiwe amazwe amaningana nezinkampani ezizimele. Ulwazi olutholakale ekusebenzeni nasekuhlolweni kwe-ISS luzoba isisekelo semisebenzi yesikhathi esizayo eya eNyangeni, eMars, nangale kwayo.
Emashumini eminyaka ezayo, isiteshi sasemkhathini singase singagxili nje kuphela ocwaningweni lwesayensi kodwa futhi nasekukhiqizweni kwezimboni kanye nokuvakasha kwasemkhathini. Izinkampani ezizimele ezifana ne-SpaceX kanye ne-Blue Origin zisebenza ukwenza isikhala sitholakale kalula emphakathini nasezimbonini.
Isiphetho
I-International Space Station iyisimangaliso sobuchwepheshe esisebenza njengelabhorethri ezungezayo yocwaningo lwesayensi nolwezobuchwepheshe. I-ISS inamamojula akhethekile, ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokusekela impilo, kanye nokubambisana okuqinile kwamazwe ngamazwe. Nge-ISS, asigcini nje ngokuthola ulwazi olusha mayelana nomkhathi noMhlaba, kodwa futhi sibona ikusasa lapho abantu bengaphila futhi basebenze khona esikhaleni njalo.
Ngazo zonke lezi zinto ezifeziwe, i-ISS ingenye yezimpawu ezinamandla kakhulu zalokho esingakufeza uma sisebenza ndawonye ngaphesheya kwemingcele kazwelonke ukuze sithuthukise ulwazi nokuhlola.
