Izinhlobo Zezitayela Zokwakha Emhlabeni
Ukwakha kungenye yezici ezivelele kakhulu zesiko labantu, okubonisa ubunjalo bomphakathi, izindinganiso, kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuze kube sesikhathini sanamuhla, izitayela ezahlukene zokwakha ziye zathuthuka futhi zashiya uphawu oluhlala njalo emlandweni. Lesi sihloko sizohlola ezinye zezitayela zokwakha ezidumile emhlabeni, kusukela kwezakudala kakhulu kuya kwezanamuhla kakhulu.
1. Ukwakhiwa Kwezakhiwo Zakudala
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zakudala kubhekisela ezindleleni zokwakha ezaqala empucukweni yasendulo yamaGreki namaRoma. Izici ezimbili ezibalulekile zokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zakudala ukusetshenziswa kwamakholomu amakhulu kanye nokulingana okuqinile.
IGrisi Yasendulo
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zamaGreki kwaziwa ngezitayela ezintathu eziyinhloko zamakholomu: iDoric, i-Ionic, kanye neCorinthian. Amakholomu eDoric alula futhi aqine kakhulu, amakholomu e-Ionic mancane kakhulu ngokuhlobisa okujikelezayo, kanti amakholomu aseCorinthian aziwa ngezinto zawo ezihlobisa kakhulu. Isibonelo esidumile yiParthenon e-Athens.
IRoma yasendulo
Izakhiwo zamaRoma zamukela izinto eziningi ezivela kumaGreki futhi zanezela izinto ezintsha ezifana nama-arches, ama-domes, kanye nokhonkolo. Izakhiwo ezifana neColosseum kanye nePantheon eRoma ziyizibonelo zemisebenzi yobuciko yokwakha yamaRoma.
2. Ukwakhiwa Kwezakhiwo Zasenkathini Ephakathi
Isikhathi saseMedieval, esaziwa nangokuthi iNkathi Ephakathi, sihlanganisa izitayela eziningana ezibalulekile zokwakha njengeRomanesque, Gothic, neByzantine.
I-Romanesque
I-Romanesque ibonakaliswa yizindonga ezijiyile, amafasitela amancane, kanye nama-arches ayisiyingi. Amasonto nama-cathedral afana ne-St. Sernin e-Toulouse ayizibonelo zezakhiwo zamaRoma.
IsiGothic
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zeGothic kwavela ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi futhi kwaziwa ngemiklamo yayo eqondile kanye nezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Izici ezibalulekile zifaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwamafasitela amakhulu ane-vitreous, ama-arches acijile, kanye nezinsika ezindizayo. I-Notre-Dame Cathedral eParis ingenye yezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zesitayela seGothic.
3. Ukwakhiwa Kwezakhiwo Zokuvuselelwa Kwesikhathi Esisha
Ukwakhiwa kweRenaissance kwavela e-Italy yekhulu le-15 futhi kwasakazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Kwakubonisa ukubuyela entshisakalweni yobuciko nesayensi yamaGreki namaRoma asendulo. Izici ezibalulekile zifaka phakathi ukulingana, ukulinganisela okulinganiselayo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamakholomu asendulo. Izibonelo ezidumile zezakhiwo zeRenaissance zifaka phakathi iSt. Peter's Basilica eVatican kanye neFlorence Cathedral kaBrunelleschi.
4. Ukwakhiwa Kwezakhiwo Zasendulo
I-Baroque yachuma ngekhulu le-17 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18, futhi yaziwa ngezinto zayo ezimangalisayo, imihlobiso ecebile, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemininingwane okuyinkimbinkimbi. Izakhiwo ze-Baroque zivame ukufaka izinto eziguquguqukayo nezinyakazayo. Izibonelo ezidumile zifaka phakathi iSigodlo saseVersailles eFrance kanye neSonto likaSt. Paul eLondon.
5. Ukwakhiwa Kwezakhiwo Ze-Rococo
Ukwakhiwa kwe-rococo kuwukuqhubeka kwesitayela se-Baroque, kodwa ngendlela elula nehlobisa kakhulu. Kugxile emininingwaneni yokuhlobisa, imibala ye-pastel, kanye nefenisha ebizayo. I-Sanssouci Palace ePotsdam, eJalimane, iyisibonelo esihle kakhulu salesi sitayela.
6. Ukwakhiwa Kwezakhiwo Zasendulo Ezintsha
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ze-neoclassical kwavela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 futhi kwavuselela isithakazelo ekulula nasekupheleleni kobuGreki namaRoma. Izici zayo ezibalulekile zifaka phakathi amakholomu amakhulu, ukulingana okuqinile, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingaphelelwa isikhathi njengemabula. Izibonelo zezakhiwo ze-neoclassical zifaka phakathi i-Capitol Building e-United States kanye neBhange laseNgilandi eNgilandi.
7. Ukwakhiwa Kwezakhiwo Zanamuhla
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zesimanje kwavela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kuthonywe ukunyakaza kwezimboni kanye nokwe-avant-garde. I-Modernism yagcizelela ukusebenza, izimo ezilula, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezintsha ezifana nokhonkolo, insimbi, nengilazi.
Bauhaus
I-Bauhaus ingenye yezinyathelo ezibaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zanamuhla, edabuka eJalimane. Yasungulwa nguWalter Gropius, i-Bauhaus yagcizelela ubunye bobuciko nobuchwepheshe, ngemiklamo elula kodwa esebenzayo.
Ukuqothula izakhiwo
I-Deconstructivism isitayela sokwakha esilahla imibono yokulingana nokuzinza. Izakhiwo ze-Deconstructivist zivame ukubonakala zingajwayelekile futhi zingalingani. Izibonelo ezidumile zalesi sitayela zifaka phakathi uFrank Gehry, owaklama iMyuziyamu yaseGuggenheim eBilbao kanye neWalt Disney Concert Hall eLos Angeles.
8. Ukwakhiwa Kwezakhiwo Kwangemva Kwesimanje
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zesimanje kwavela njengokusabela ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zesimanje, okwakuvame ukubhekwa njengokungathi sína kakhulu futhi okusebenzayo. I-Postmodernism ivame ukuba nezinto ezihlukene, imihlobiso enemibala, kanye nenhlanganisela yezitayela. Isakhiwo se-AT&T eNew York, esakhiwe nguPhilip Johnson, siyisibonelo esidumile.
9. Ukwakhiwa Kwezakhiwo Zanamuhla
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zanamuhla kuhlanganisa izitayela ezahlukahlukene eziye zathuthuka emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ezivame ukubonakala ngokusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokusimama kwemvelo. Izici ezibalulekile zifaka phakathi ukwakheka okunobungani nemvelo, ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezihlala isikhathi eside.
Okuluhlaza kanye Nokusimama
Izakhiwo eziluhlaza zigcizelela ukwakheka okunobungani nemvelo, kusetshenziswa amandla avuselelekayo kanye nezinto zokwakha ezisimeme. Isibonelo esisodwa yiHearst Tower eNew York, eyayiyisakhiwo sokuqala esinamafulethi emhlabeni ukuthola isitifiketi se-LEED Gold.
I-Parametric
Ukwakhiwa kwe-parametric kusebenzisa isofthiwe yekhompyutha ukudala izinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi neziguquguqukayo okunzima ukuzifeza ngamasu endabuko. Izibonelo ezidumile zalesi sitayela zifaka phakathi uZaha Hadid, owaklama iSheikh Zayed Bridge e-Abu Dhabi kanye neGuangzhou Opera House eShayina.
Isiphetho
Kusukela ezinsikeni ezinhle kakhulu zokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zaseGrisi yasendulo kuya emiklamo eluhlaza emisha yokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zanamuhla, isitayela ngasinye sokwakha sibonisa isiko nobuchwepheshe besikhathi saso. Isitayela ngasinye sinezici ezihlukile kanye negalelo elibalulekile endleleni esiqonda ngayo isikhala kanye nokwakheka kwaso. Ngokubuka nokufunda lezi zitayela ezahlukene zokwakha, sithola ukuqonda okujulile ngentuthuko yomlando, yezenhlalo, kanye neyobuchwepheshe eye yathonya impilo yabantu emhlabeni jikelele.
Ukwakha akugcini nje ngezakhiwo, kodwa futhi kumayelana nezindaba kanye nokuvela kwempucuko yabantu. Isikhathi ngasinye kanye nesitayela kunikela ngezendlalelo ezakha indawo yezakhiwo esiyijabulelayo namuhla.
