Izinto Zokwakha Ekwakhiweni Kwezindlu
Izinto zokwakha "ziwulimi" olwenza indlu ingami nje kuphela, kodwa futhi ikhululeke, iqine, iphephe, futhi ivumelane nesimo sezulu nendlela yokuphila yabantu abahlala kuyo. Ekwakhiweni kwezindlu, ukukhethwa kwezinto akukwazi ukubhekwa njengendaba yobuhle kuphela. Izinto zinquma ukusebenza kokushisa, ikhwalithi yomoya wangaphakathi, izidingo zokunakekelwa, ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko kuyo yonke impilo yesakhiwo, ngisho nendawo yaso yemvelo. Ngakho-ke, ukuxoxa ngezinto zokwakha kuyisici esibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwendlu enhle—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngezindlu ezishibhile, eziphakathi nendawo, noma ezisezingeni eliphezulu.
Indima yezinto zokwakha: isakhiwo, induduzo, kanye nomlingiswa obonakalayo
Ngokubanzi, izinto zisebenza ezingqimbeni ezintathu eziyinhloko. Okokuqala, ungqimba lwesakhiwo: izisekelo, izinsika, imishayo, izindonga zokuthwala, kanye nezintambo zophahla. Lapha, izinto zikhethwa ngokusekelwe emandleni azo, ukumelana nokuzamazama komhlaba, umswakama, izintuthwane, kanye nokuphila kwenkonzo. Okwesibili, imbobo yesakhiwo: izindonga zangaphandle, uphahla, ozimele, ingilazi, kanye nokushisa. Lolu ngqimba ludlala indima enkulu ekulawuleni ukushisa, umsindo, kanye namanzi emvula. Okwesithathu, ungqimba lokuqeda: phansi, upende, ophahleni, kanye nezinto zokuhlobisa. Lolu ngqimba lokugcina lubumba isimo sendawo futhi luthonya ukukhishwa kwamakhemikhali (isb., ama-VOC avela kupende noma kuglue) axhumene nempilo.
Izindlu e-Indonesia zibhekene nezinselele ezihlukile: isimo sezulu esinomswakama esishisayo, imvula enamandla, ukuchayeka elangeni elinamandla, kanye nengozi yokuzamazama komhlaba ezindaweni eziningi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinto zokwakha kumele zimelane nesimo sezulu, zimelane nomswakama kanye nesikhunta, futhi zibe nemininingwane efanele yokufaka ukuvimbela izinkinga ezifana nokuvuza, imifantu, noma ukugqwala.
Ukhonkolo: umgogodla wokwakha kwesimanje
Ikhonkrithi eqinisiwe iyinto evame kakhulu ezakhiweni zezindlu e-Indonesia. Izinzuzo zayo zifaka phakathi amandla aphezulu okucindezela, ukulula kokuma, ukutholakala okulinganiselwe, kanye nokufaneleka kwezinhlobo eziningi zezindlu. Ikhonkrithi nayo inokushisa okuphezulu, okuvumela ukuthi igcine ukushisa; lokhu kungaba yinzuzo uma umklamo ukhulisa umoya wasebusuku, kodwa kungaba yinkinga uma indlu ingenawo umthunzi, okuholela ekushiseni kwasemini.
Ukushiyeka kwekhonkrithi kusekhwalithini yokwakhiwa kwayo. Isilinganiso sengxube, ubukhulu bekhonkrithi, ikhwalithi yokuqinisa, kanye nenqubo yokuqinisa kunquma kakhulu ukuqina kwayo. Ezindaweni ezisogwini, okuqukethwe usawoti kusheshisa ukugqwala kokuqinisa uma ukuvikelwa kwekhonkrithi kunganele. Ngakho-ke, ukukhethwa kwekhonkrithi kumele kuhambisane nobuciko obufanele kanye nemininingwane yokwakha evimbela amanzi ukuthi ahlangane ezintweni zesakhiwo.
Isitini esibomvu, ibhlogo lekhonkrithi, kanye nesitini esilula: izindonga ezinquma induduzo
Izindonga zokuhlala ngokuvamile zenziwe ngezitini ezibomvu, i-batako (isitini sobumba), noma ukhonkolo olula (i-AAC). Izitini ezibomvu zinamandla kakhulu futhi zizwakala "ziqinile", futhi zisebenza kahle kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ukungalingani kosayizi kanye nokuncipha kodaka kungaholela ekuqhekekeni kwezinwele uma kwenziwa kabi. I-Batako ishesha ukufakwa futhi iyonga kakhulu, kodwa ikhwalithi yayo iyahlukahluka; izitini ezinezimbobo zingamunca amanzi kalula, zidinga ukuplasta okwanele kanye nokugqoka.
Izitini ezilula zithandwa ngenxa yesisindo sazo esilula, ukunemba, kanye nokufakwa okusheshayo nge-adhesive encane. Lokhu kusiza ukunciphisa imithwalo yesakhiwo futhi kunikeza isiphetho esihle. Ngokwesimo sezulu, i-AAC inikeza ukuvikela okungcono kunezitini ezibomvu eziqinile, okuvumela amakamelo apholile anomklamo ofanele wokuvula nokungenisa umoya. Kodwa-ke, izitini ezilula zidinga ukuvikelwa kwamanzi kanye nemininingwane eqondile yamalunga ukuvimbela imifantu lapho izinto ezahlukene zihlangana khona.
Izinkuni kanye noqalo: izinto zemvelo ezinenani eliphezulu lokwakha
Izinkuni zinobuhle obuqinile kanye nenduduzo yokushisa. Zifudumele ngokubonakalayo, zibunjwe kalula, futhi zifanele izinto ezifana nozimele, iminyango, phansi, ophahleni, ngisho nezakhiwo ezilula. Ezindaweni ezishisayo, izinkuni zidinga ukwelashwa okulwa nezintuthwane kanye nokulwa nesikhunta, kanye nomklamo oningiliziwe ukuvimbela ukungena kwamanzi (isibonelo, ukuhlinzeka ngophahla olwanele kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkuni azithinti ngqo inhlabathi emanzi).
I-bamboo, njengezinto ezivuselelekayo, iyanda ukuthandwa ngenxa yesisindo sayo esilula, amandla okubamba, kanye nokubonakala kwayo. Kodwa-ke, i-bamboo idinga ulwazi olukhethekile: ukulondolozwa, izinhlelo zokuxhuma, kanye nokuvikelwa elangeni eliqondile nasemvuleni. Ukusetshenziswa kwendlu yokuhlala, i-bamboo ingasetshenziswa njengomthunzi, uphahla, umsebenzi we-lattice, noma ngisho nezinto zesakhiwo emiklamo ethile ngabadwebi abanolwazi.
Insimbi elula nensimbi yesakhiwo: ewusizo futhi enembile
Izinsika zophahla zensimbi ezilula sezibe yinto ejwayelekile kumaphrojekthi amaningi okuhlala ngenxa yokufakwa kwazo okusheshayo nokunembile, kanye nokumelana nezintuthwane. Isihluthulelo sekhwalithi yazo sisekujiyeni kwezinto, uhlobo lwesembozo sokulwa nokugqwala, kanye nomklamo wezinsika kanye nokuxhumeka, okufanele imithwalo yomoya kanye nesembozo sophahla. Insimbi yesakhiwo (I-, H-, noma amaphrofayili angenalutho) ivame ukusetshenziselwa ama-wide spans, ama-canopy, noma izindlu zesitayela sezimboni.
Okubi ngensimbi ukuthi ikwazi ukudlulisa ukushisa okuphezulu kanye namathuba okugqwala. Ngakho-ke, imininingwane yokuvikela njengopende omelana nokugqwala, ukuqinisa i-galvanization, kanye nokugwema izindawo zokugcina amanzi ibalulekile. Emakhaya asezindaweni ezishisayo, izisekelo zophahla kufanele zifakwe umoya wophahla kanye nokuvikela ukushisa ukuze kuncishiswe ukushisa okukhulu.
Uphahla: phakathi kokuvikelwa kwesimo sezulu nokusebenza kokushisa
Izimbozo ezivamile zophahla zifaka phakathi amathayili obumba, ukhonkolo, insimbi, kanye ne-bituminous. Amathayili obumba anikeza ukusebenza okuhle kokushisa kanye nokubukeka okuvamile, kodwa anzima, adinga ukwesekwa okwanele kwesakhiwo. Amathayili okhonkolo afana kakhulu futhi aqinile, kodwa anzima futhi angandisa umthwalo. Amaphahla ensimbi alula futhi ayashesha ukufakwa, okwenza afaneleke emakhaya esimanje. Kodwa-ke, angaba nomsindo ngesikhathi semvula futhi ahambise ukushisa; ikhambi liwungqimba lokuvikela, uphahla oluhle, kanye nomoya opholile.
Ngaphezu kwezinto zokumboza uphahla, imininingwane yothambeka lophahla, ama-gutter, ama-overhang, kanye nohlelo lokukhipha amanzi emvula kunquma ukumelana kwekhaya nokuvuza kanye nomswakama. Emakhaya asezindaweni ezishisayo, ama-overhang anele kanye namasu omthunzi anciphisa kakhulu ukushisa futhi avikele izindonga ekuchithekeni kwamanzi.
Ingilazi kanye nezimbobo: ukukhanya, ukuphefumula kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamandla
Ingilazi idlala indima ebalulekile ekhwalithini yendawo. Izimbobo ezifanele zinikeza ukukhanya kwemvelo kanye nokungena komoya, kunciphisa isidingo sokukhanya kanye ne-air conditioner. Kodwa-ke, ingilazi eningi kakhulu engenawo umthunzi ingandisa ukwanda kokushisa (ukwanda kokushisa kwelanga). Ukukhetha ingilazi ecacile, enombala, ephansi, noma enamathelisiwe kuthinta induduzo nokuphepha. Amafreyimu e-aluminium awamelani nesimo sezulu futhi adinga ukulungiswa okuncane, kuyilapho amafreyimu ezinkuni enikeza ubuhle bemvelo kodwa adinga ukulungiswa njalo. Ezindaweni ezinomsindo, ukugqokwa kabili noma inhlanganisela yengilazi ejiyile kungathuthukisa induduzo ye-acoustic.
Ukuqedwa kwangaphakathi: impilo, ukunakekelwa kanye nesimo sezulu
Izinto zokuqeda ezifana nopende, i-ceramic, i-parquet, i-vinyl, itshe lemvelo, noma usimende oveziwe zibumba isimo sendlu. Izinto ezibalulekile lapha ukulula kokunakekelwa, ukumelana nomswakama, kanye nempilo yabantu abahlala kuyo. Upende ongena-VOC ephansi, izinamathiseli eziphephile, nezinto ezingamelani nesikhunta kubalulekile emakhaya anesimo sezulu esinomswakama. Izitezi ze-ceramic azinamanzi futhi kulula ukuzihlanza, okwenza zifaneleke ezindaweni ezimanzi. Izinkuni noma ukhuni oluklanywe ngobunjiniyela lunikeza induduzo kodwa ludinga ukulawulwa komswakama ukuze kuvinjelwe ukugoba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, usimende oveziwe unikeza ukubukeka kwesimanje kodwa kufanele uvalwe ukuze kuvinjelwe uthuli kanye nokulula kokuhlanza.
Izinto ezihlala isikhathi eside: kusukela emthonjeni kuya emthonjeni wekhabhoni
Izitayela zokwakha izindlu ziya ezintweni ezinobungani nemvelo: ukusetshenziswa kokhuni oluqinisekisiwe, uqalo oluphethwe ngendlela eqhubekayo, izitini eziphinde zasetshenziswa, upende olukhipha ukungcola okuncane, kanye namasu okuklama angenzi lutho ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko zamandla. Kodwa-ke, "okusimeme" akusho njalo ukuthi izinto ezibizayo. Ukwenza ngcono izinto zasendaweni, ukunciphisa imfucuza elahliwe, ukukhetha izinto eziqinile, kanye nokuklama imininingwane yokunakekelwa okuphansi ngokuvamile kuyizinyathelo eziphumelela kakhulu.
Kubalulekile futhi ukucabangela umjikelezo wokuphila kwezinto zokwakha. Izinto zokwakha ezishibhile zingabiza kakhulu ekuqaleni uma ziwohloka ngokushesha futhi zidinga ukulungiswa njalo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinto zokwakha ezibiza kancane ezihlala isikhathi eside futhi ezidinga ukulungiswa okuncane zinganciphisa izindleko ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Isiphetho
Izinto zokwakha ekwakhiweni kwezindlu ziyizinqumo ezihlelekile ezihlanganisa izici zesakhiwo, induduzo, ubuhle, izindleko kanye nokusimama. Ukhonkolo, izitini, ukhuni, insimbi, ingilazi, kanye nokuqedwa okuhlukahlukene ngakunye kunezinzuzo kanye nemikhawulo okumele ivumelane nesimo sezulu, indawo, ingozi yenhlekelele, kanye nezidingo zabahlali. Ikhaya elihle akuyona elisebenzisa izinto ezibiza kakhulu, kodwa kunalokho yilelo elikhetha izinto ezifanele, lizifake ngendlela efanele, futhi lisekelwa umklamo wezakhiwo oqonda umongo. Ngale ndlela, izindlu zingaba izindawo zokuhlala ezinempilo, ezisebenzayo, nezihlala isikhathi eside—futhi zihlale zinhle ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
