Ukwakhiwa Kwezakhiwo Zasendulo ZaseGrisi Nezinsika Zazo
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zamaGreki zakudala kube ngenye yefa lamasiko elinomthelela omkhulu emlandweni wempucuko yabantu. Ngobuhle bayo obungapheli kanye nekhono lobuchwepheshe elingavamile, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zamaGreki kuye kwaphefumulela izizukulwane zabakhi bezakhiwo emhlabeni wonke. Esinye sezici ezivelele kakhulu zokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zamaGreki zakudala ukusetshenziswa kwamakholomu, angasebenzisi nje kuphela njengezakhi zesakhiwo kodwa futhi njengezimpawu zobuhle obujulile kanye nefilosofi yokuklama. Lesi sihloko sizohlola ubuhle bokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zamaGreki zakudala futhi sichaze izitayela nemisebenzi eyahlukahlukene yalezi zikholomu.
Umlando Omfushane Wezakhiwo ZaseGrisi
Njengoba umlando usukela ekhulwini lesi-8 BC kuze kube sekupheleni kwenkathi yamaRoma, ukwakheka kwezakhiwo zakudala zamaGreki kuhlanganisa inhlanganisela ephelele yobuhle, ukuvumelana, kanye nokusebenza. Izikhathi zokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zamaGreki zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko: i-Archaic, i-Classical, kanye ne-Hellenistic. Isikhathi ngasinye salezi zenza iminikelo ehlukile ekuthuthukisweni kobuciko bokwakha bamaGreki.
Izinsika Njengengxenye Eyinhloko Yokwakha
Izinsika zadlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zamaGreki. Azigcinanga nje ngokusekela izakhiwo kodwa futhi zazisebenza njengezinto zokuhlobisa nezifanekiselayo. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zomklamo wezinsika zamaGreki, ezaziwa ngokuthi amaDoric, ama-Ionic, namaKorinte.
1. I-Doric Order
Uhlelo lweDoric luyindlela endala futhi elula kunazo zonke kulezi zitayela ezintathu. Izici eziyinhloko zekholomu yeDoric isisekelo sayo esingagqokwanga, umgodi oyisilinda one-fluting engajulile, kanye nenhloko-dolobha elula, eyindilinga. Amakholomu eDoric aveza umbono oqinile nowobudoda. Isibonelo esidumile salolu hlobo lwekholomu yiParthenon e-Athens. Inikezelwe kunkulunkulukazi u-Athena, iParthenon isalokhu ingenye yezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zokwakhiwa kweDoric.
2. Uhlelo lwe-Ionic
I-Ionic Order inokubukeka okuhle nokuhle kakhulu kune-Doric. Isici esihlukile sezinsika ze-Ionic ukuba khona kwama-volute (imiqulu) enhloko-dolobha, okudala umbono wobufazi nowokukhanga. Lezi zinsika zinesisekelo esakhiwe yizindilinga eziningana futhi zinde futhi zincane kunezinsika ze-Doric. Isibonelo esidumile sokusetshenziswa kwezinsika ze-Ionic yi-Erechtheion e-Athens, enesivalo samaCaryatids, esinama-caryatids (izithombe zesifazane) esikhundleni sezinsika ezijwayelekile.
3. Uhlelo lwaseKorinte
I-Corinthian Order iyona ehlotshiswe kahle kakhulu futhi ehlotshiswe kahle kakhulu kulaba abathathu. Izihloko zekholomu zaseCorinthian zihlotshiswe ngamaqabunga e-acanthus ayinkimbinkimbi futhi zivame ukusetshenziswa ezakhiweni ezinkulu nasezigodlweni. Ikholomu zaseCorinthian ziveza umuzwa wokunethezeka nobukhulu, futhi isitayela sasivame ukwamukelwa ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zaseRoma. Esinye sezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zaseCorinthian yiThempeli likaZeus wase-Olympian e-Athene, elibonisa ubuhle nobuhle obungenakuqhathaniswa bokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zamaGreki akudala.
Umsebenzi kanye nokubaluleka komphakathi kwezinsika zamaGreki
Izinsika ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zamaGreki azizange zisebenze nje kuphela njengezakhi zesakhiwo kodwa futhi zazinokubaluleka okujulile okungokomfanekiso kanye nokwezenhlalo. Izinsika zazivame ukuhlotshaniswa namandla, ukuzinza, kanye nobunye. Ezimweni eziningi, amathempeli nezinye izakhiwo zomphakathi ezazisebenzisa izinsika njengezakhi zazo eziyinhloko zazisebenza njengezikhungo zomsebenzi wezenhlalo nezenkolo, okwenza kube ubufakazi obuthule bezenzakalo ezibalulekile zomlando.
Ithonya Lezinsika ZaseGrisi Ekwakhiweni Kwezakhiwo Zanamuhla
Ithonya lezakhiwo zamaGreki, ikakhulukazi imfundiso kanye nobuhle bezinsika zawo, lizwakala kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zanamuhla. Izakhiwo eziningi ezibalulekile emhlabeni wonke, okuhlanganisa izakhiwo zikahulumeni, iminyuziyamu, kanye nezikhungo zemfundo, ziye zamukela imiklamo yezinsika zamaGreki ukuze zithuthukise ubukhulu nobukhosi bazo. Isibonelo esidumile kakhulu yiLincoln Memorial eWashington, D.C., esebenzisa izinsika zamaDoric ukuze zibonise ugqozi oluvela ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zamaGreki zakudala.
Ukuthuthukiswa Nokuvela Kwezakhiwo ZaseGrisi
Nakuba amakholomu e-Doric, i-Ionic, kanye ne-Corinthian aziwa kakhulu, ukuthuthukiswa kwezakhiwo zamaGreki akuzange kuphele kule miklamo. EGrisi yamaGreki, kwenzeka intuthuko eyengeziwe kwezakhiwo, ehlanganisa izinto ezivela kwamanye amasiko njengeGibhithe nePheresiya. Lokhu kwaholela ekushintsheni okusha kwemiklamo yamakholomu eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ehlotshisiwe.
Ubuchwepheshe Bokwakha Nobunjiniyela
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinsika ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zaseGrisi nakho kubonisa intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe bokwakha kanye nobunjiniyela bangaleso sikhathi. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-limestone kanye ne-marble, kanye nokunemba kokuphakamisa nokufaka izinsika, kubonisa izinga eliphezulu lekhono lobuchwepheshe. I-Entasis, ukugoba okucashile kwemishayo yezinsika ukudala umbono wokuqonda okuphelele uma kubukwa kude, kungenye yezindlela ezintsha zobunjiniyela ezibonisa ukucophelela kanye nekhono labakhi bezakhiwo baseGrisi.
Isiphetho
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zamaGreki zakudala, kanye nezinsika zazo ezinhle, akusebenzi nje kuphela njengezisekelo zesakhiwo kodwa futhi njengokubonakaliswa kobuhle, amandla, kanye nezimpawu zomphakathi. I-Doric, i-Ionic, kanye ne-Corinthian ziyimiklamo emithathu ebalulekile esindile kuze kube namuhla futhi iyaqhubeka nokuphefumulela abakhi bezakhiwo emhlabeni wonke. Ngokuhlanganisa kwabo okungenakunyakaziswa komsebenzi kanye nobuhle, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zamaGreki zakudala kushiye ifa elihlala njalo, okwenza kube yizimpawu zempumelelo ephezulu kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo kanye nobuciko bokwakha. Ngokuqhubeka nokufunda nokwazisa ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zamaGreki zakudala, singabonga ubukhulu kanye nokujula kwefilosofi okuqukethwe ngaphakathi kwekholomu ngayinye kanye nezakhiwo zayo.
