Izindlu Zendabuko zase-Indonesia Ezifundweni Zokwakha
I-Indonesia yaziwa njengesizwe esihlala ezindaweni eziningi esinokwehlukahlukana okungavamile kobuzwe, izilimi, kanye nendabuko. Lokhu kuceba kwamasiko kubonakala ngokucacile ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zomdabu, ikakhulukazi izindlu zendabuko. Ezifundweni zokwakha, izindlu zendabuko zase-Indonesia azizona nje "izakhiwo zendabuko," kodwa kunalokho imibhalo yamasiko eqopha indlela umphakathi oqonda ngayo isikhala, isimo sezulu, isakhiwo senhlalo, ubuchwepheshe, ngisho nobudlelwano babantu nemvelo kanye nezinto ezingcwele. Lesi sihloko sihlola izindlu zendabuko zase-Indonesia ngokombono wezakhiwo: imiqondo yendawo, izinhlelo zokwakha, izimpendulo zesimo sezulu, izimpawu, kanye nokubaluleka kwazo ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo kwanamuhla.
Izindlu zendabuko njengezakhiwo zomdabu
Ngokuvamile, izindlu zendabuko zingaqondwa njengokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zabantu bendawo—izakhiwo ezizalwa ngolwazi lwendawo, ezakhiwe ngezinto zendawo, futhi zathuthukiswa ngolwazi olude ekubhekaneni nezimo ezithile zemvelo. Ngokungafani nokwakhiwa "kwesitayela" okuvame ukulandela izitayela zomhlaba wonke, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zabantu bendawo kubeka phambili ukuhambisana nesimo sezulu, ukutholakala kwezinto, kanye nendlela yokuphila yomphakathi. Izindlu zendabuko eziqhingini zase-Indonesia zibonisa ukuthi imiphakathi yendabuko inomqondo wokuklama oyinkimbinkimbi: umoya wemvelo, amasu okugwema umswakama kanye nezikhukhula, izinhlelo zesakhiwo ezikwazi ukumelana nokuzamazama komhlaba, kanye nezinkulumo zobuhle ezihlangana nezincazelo zendabuko.
Uhlobo lwezinhlobo kanye nethonya lemvelo
Ukuma kwezindlu zendabuko zase-Indonesia kuthonywa kakhulu yindawo. Ezindaweni ezinamaxhaphozi noma ezivame ukuba nezikhukhula, izindlu eziningi zakhiwe phezu kwezingodo, njengezindlu zaseBanjar eSouth Kalimantan noma izindlu ezisogwini zaseSumatra naseSulawesi. Isitezi esiphakanyisiwe sivikela emanzini nasezilwaneni futhi sithuthukisa ukujikeleza komoya ngaphansi kwesakhiwo, sigcine indawo ipholile.
Ezindaweni ezinezintaba noma ezindaweni ezinemvula enkulu, uphahla luphakeme futhi luvela ukuze kusheshiswe ukugeleza kwamanzi futhi kuvikelwe izindonga emvuleni. Izibonelo ezimbi kakhulu zibonakala ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zaseMinangkabau (iRumah Gadang) enophahla lwayo oluyi-gonjong, noma iTorajan Tongkonan enophahla lwayo olukhulu olugobile olunikeza kokubili isivikelo kanye nobunikazi obuqinile bokubona.
Okwamanje, ezindaweni ezomile nezishisayo, amasu okuklama avame ukubeka phambili umthunzi kanye nokungena komoya. Izindlu eziningi zendabuko eNusa Tenggara zisebenzisa izikhala ezithile, ama-eve abanzi, kanye nokwakheka kwendawo okucabangela isiqondiso somoya kanye namandla elanga.
Ukuhleleka kwesikhala: umphakathi, ngasese, futhi kungcwele
Ezifundweni zokwakha, izindlu zendabuko nazo zibhekwa njengezindlela zokuphila. Izindlu eziningi zendabuko zinezigaba ezihlukile zesikhala, ezisekelwe hhayi nje ekusebenzeni kodwa futhi nasezindinganisweni zomphakathi kanye nezindinganiso ezingcwele.
Isibonelo, indlu yaseJavanese Joglo ivame ukuqondwa ngezingqimba zayo zendawo: i-pendapa (indawo yomphakathi yokwamukela izivakashi nemisebenzi yomphakathi), i-pringgitan (indawo yesikhashana), kanye ne-dalem (indawo yomndeni yangasese). Leli lungiselelo libonisa imiqondo yokuhleleka komphakathi, isimilo sokwamukela izivakashi, kanye nokuguquka kancane kancane kusuka emphakathini kuya kwangasese.
EMinangkabau Rumah Gadang, ukuhlelwa kwendawo kuhlotshaniswa nohlelo lobuhlobo bomshado. Imigqa yamakamelo okulala ingeyabesifazane abaphakathi komndeni ofanayo, kuyilapho indawo yomphakathi isebenza njengesikhungo sezingxoxo nemisebenzi yendabuko. Ngakho-ke, isakhiwo sendawo akuyona nje indlela yokwakheka, kodwa siwukubonakaliswa kohlelo lomphakathi.
Ezindaweni ezahlukene, izinto ezingcwele zikhona futhi: ukuqondiswa kwezakhiwo ngasezintabeni, elangeni, noma ezindaweni ezithile; ukuba khona kwezindawo ezinikezelwe ezenzweni zemikhosi; kanye nemithetho yendabuko enquma ukuthi ubani ongangena nokuthi indawo ingasetshenziswa nini. Izindlu zendabuko zisebenza njengendlela exhumanisa ukwakheka kwezakhiwo ne-cosmology.
Isakhiwo nobuchwepheshe: ubuhlakani bokwakha bendawo
Esinye sezici ezithakazelisa kakhulu zezindlu zendabuko zase-Indonesia ubuchwepheshe bazo bokwakha. Izindlu eziningi zendabuko zisebenzisa uhlelo lokuhlanganisa olungenazipikili, zisebenzisa ama-dowel nama-tay, okuvumela ukuguquguquka okukhulu nokulungiswa kalula. Lokhu kuguquguquka kubaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni ezivame ukuzamazama komhlaba.
Isibonelo, ezinye izindlu zendabuko eSumatra naseSulawesi—ngezakhiwo zazo zokhuni kanye namajoyinti azo avumelana nezimo—ziyakwazi ukusabela kangcono ezinkingeni kunokwakhiwa okuqinile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zasendaweni ezifana nokhuni, uqalo, i-palm fiber, i-sago palm, noma umhlanga kubonisa ukwenziwa ngcono kwezinsiza. Lezi zinto zilula kakhulu, zinezakhiwo ezinhle zokuvimbela ukushisa, futhi zitholakala kalula.
Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi "indabuko" ayisho ukuthi kulula. Uhlelo lokwakha, ukusatshalaliswa komthwalo kusuka ophahleni kuya ezinsikeni, kanye nokuguquguquka kwendawo kuvame ukubonisa ukunemba okukhulu. Endlini yaseJoglo, isibonelo, i-soko guru (izinsika ezine eziyinhloko) kanye ne-tumpang sari (izinsika ezinezitezi ezintathu) akuzona nje izinto zobuhle, kodwa futhi ziyingqikithi yesakhiwo, ezisekela uphahla futhi zinikeza incazelo engokomfanekiso.
Impendulo yesimo sezulu: umoya opholile, ukukhanya kanye nenduduzo engapheli
Izindlu zendabuko zase-Indonesia ngokuvamile zisebenzisa izimiso zokuklama ezingasebenzi—zithembele ekwakhekeni nasekuhlelekeni kwezindawo ukuze zenze induduzo ngaphandle kwemishini. Ezimweni ezishisayo ezinomswakama, izinselele ezinkulu ukushisa, umswakama, kanye nesidingo sokugeleza komoya.
Izindlu ezakhiwe ngezitini ziyasiza ekunciphiseni umswakama ovela enhlabathini futhi zithuthukise umoya ophumayo. Izimbobo ezinkulu, izikhala ezindongeni ezilukiwe, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-lattice kuvumela umoya ukuthi ujikeleze. Ama-eve abanzi ahlinzeka ngesivikelo emvuleni ngenkathi enciphisa imisebe yelanga eqondile. Uphahla oluphezulu ludala umphumela we-stack, ludala isikhala somoya ofudumele ngaphezulu, lugcina izindawo zomsebenzi zingaphansi kokuphola.
Ukukhanya kwemvelo nakho kuyacatshangelwa. Esikhundleni sokusebenzisa amafasitela amakhulu engilazi njengasezakhiweni zesimanje, ezinye izindlu zendabuko zisebenzisa izikhala ezivulekile ukuze kuvunyelwe ukukhanya okwanele ukungena ngaphandle kokwandisa kakhulu izinga lokushisa legumbi. Lesi simiso manje sesibalulekile futhi njengoba ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kuhlose ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla.
Imihlobiso kanye nophawu: ubuhle obunenjongo
Ezifundweni zokwakha, ukuhlobisa izindlu zendabuko kuhlobene kakhulu nencazelo. Imidwebo eRumah Gadang, imidwebo eTongkonan, kanye nemidwebo yokuhlobisa ezindlini zaseKalimantan kuvame ukuveza ubuzwe, isimo senhlalo, izindinganiso zokuziphatha, ngisho nezindaba zezinganekwane.
Imihlobiso iphinde isebenze "njengolimi olubonakalayo" olugcizelela ukuxhumana kwekhaya nomphakathi. Kwamanye amasiko, imihlobiso ecebile ibonisa udumo lomndeni noma impumelelo yomphakathi. Kodwa-ke, ubuhle bezindlu zendabuko abusho njalo imihlobiso eminingi; amanye amasiko agcizelela ubulula besimo kodwa ubukhulu obuqinile nokuhleleka.
Uguquko, izinselele zokulondolozwa kwemvelo, kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo kwanamuhla
Ukuthuthukiswa kwesimanje kuletha izinguquko ezibalulekile: izinto ezikhiqizwe njenge-zinc kanye nokhonkolo kungena esikhundleni se-palm fibre noma ukhuni; izindlela zokuphila ziyashintsha; isidingo sobumfihlo siyanda; futhi imithetho yokwakha idinga amazinga athile. Izindlu eziningi zendabuko zilahlekelwa yisimo sazo sokuqala hhayi ngoba abantu benqaba amasiko, kodwa ngenxa yokucabangela izindleko, ukutholakala kwezinto, kanye nokusebenza kahle.
Ngakho-ke, ukulondoloza izindlu zendabuko akwanele ukumane "uqandise" isimo esidala. Ezifundweni zokwakha, ukulondolozwa okunenjongo kuhilela ukulondoloza ulwazi nezimiso zaso: ukuqonda kwesimo sezulu, izinhlelo zesakhiwo, ukuhlela indawo yomphakathi, kanye nenani elingokomfanekiso—ngenkathi kuvumela ukuzivumelanisa nezidingo zanamuhla. Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zesimanje kungenziwa ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa isimo sendlu, inqobo nje uma izilinganiso, umoya opholile, kanye nokuhleleka kwendawo kuhlonishwa.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwakheka kwezakhiwo kwanamuhla e-Indonesia kungafunda ezindlini zendabuko ukuklama izakhiwo ezihlala isikhathi eside. Umqondo wophahla olude, umoya owela phansi, uphahla olubanzi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto zasendaweni kuyizindlela ezihambisana nohlelo lokwakha oluhlaza. Abakhi abaningi bezakhiwo manje bazama ukuhumusha kabusha izindlu zendabuko—hhayi ngokuzikopisha ngokoqobo, kodwa ngokuguqula izimiso zazo zibe yimiklamo emisha nefanele.
I-Penutup
Ezifundweni zokwakha, izindlu zendabuko zase-Indonesia zibonisa ubuhlakani bendawo, zihlanganisa umsebenzi, isimo sezulu, isakhiwo, umongo wezenhlalo, kanye nencazelo yamasiko. Zibonisa ukuthi ukwakheka kwezakhiwo akugcini nje ngesimo, kodwa futhi nangendlela abantu abaphila ngayo, abaxhumana ngayo, futhi abahumusha ngayo isikhala. Phakathi kwezinselele zokufudukela emadolobheni kanye nenkinga yesimo sezulu, izindlu zendabuko zinikeza izifundo ezibalulekile: ukwakheka okubucayi komongo, okonga amandla okusekelwe olwazini lomphakathi. Ukuqonda izindlu zendabuko kusho ukulondoloza ubuwena ngenkathi kuvulwa amathuba okusha kwezakhiwo okunobuntu nokuqhubekayo.
