Izinhlelo Zokushintshana Kwezomnotho Ne-Anthropology Nezimpahla: Ucwaningo Olujulile
I-anthropology yezomnotho iyigatsha le-anthropology eligxile endleleni imiphakathi yabantu ehlela futhi iphatha ngayo imisebenzi yayo yezomnotho. Indlela yezomnotho ye-anthropology ihlanganisa isifundo sendlela imiphakathi ehlukene ekhiqiza, isabalalisa, futhi isebenzise ngayo izinsiza. Umqondo owodwa oyinhloko ku-anthropology yezomnotho uhlelo lokushintshana, olukhona kuwo wonke amasiko abantu futhi lusukela ekushintshisaneni okulula kuya ezindleleni eziyinkimbinkimbi ezihilela imali nezimakethe.
Ukuqonda i-Anthropology Yezomnotho
I-anthropology yezomnotho ifunda izindlela imiphakathi ehlukene ephatha ngazo izinsiza zayo zomnotho. Lo mkhakha awugxili nje emisebenzini yabantu engalinganiswa ngokwezimali, kodwa futhi nasemisebenzini yezenhlalo namasiko ethonya futhi ethonywa umnotho. Isibonelo, i-anthropology yezomnotho ihlola ukuthi izindinganiso zamasiko, izimiso zomphakathi, kanye nezakhiwo zomphakathi ezifana nemindeni nemiphakathi zidlala indima ebalulekile endleleni izinsiza ezabelwana futhi zisetshenziswa ngayo.
Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-anthropology yezomnotho kanye nezomnotho ezivamile ukugxila kwazo. Ngenkathi ezomnotho ezivamile zivame ukugxila kumamodeli ezibalo kanye nezimiso zomhlaba wonke, i-anthropology yezomnotho igcizelela ukubaluleka komongo wamasiko kanye nowezenhlalo ekuqondeni imisebenzi yezomnotho. Ngokuhlaziya izinhlelo ezahlukene zezomnotho emhlabeni jikelele, izazi ze-anthropology yezomnotho zizama ukuthola amaphethini nezimiso ezingasetshenziswa ukuqonda ukuthi imiphakathi ehlukene ibhekana kanjani nezinselele zayo zezomnotho.
Uhlelo Lokushintshana Kwezimpahla ku-Anthropology Yezomnotho
Uhlelo lokushintshana lungenye yezinto zokuqala neziyisisekelo emphakathini emlandweni wesintu. Ukushintshana kwenzeka lapho amaqembu amabili ahlukene ehwebelana ukuze anelise izidingo zawo. Kulesi simo, ukushintshana kungenzeka ngqo, okwaziwa ngokuthi ukushintshana, noma ngokusebenzisa indlela yokushintshana njengemali.
Ukushintshana Njengesistimu Yokushintshana Kwezimpahla
I-Barter iyindlela elula neyasendulo yokushintshana. Kulo modeli, amaqembu amabili avumelana ngokushintshana izimpahla noma izinsizakalo anazo ngezimpahla noma izinsizakalo azidingayo. Inkinga enkulu yohlelo lokushintshana yisidingo sokuthola abalingani abanezidingo ezihambisanayo, okwaziwa ngokuthi “ukuhlangana okuphindwe kabili kwezidingo.” Naphezu kwalokhu, i-barter isasetshenziswa emiphakathini eminingi yendabuko emhlabeni jikelele, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezikude lapho imali nezimakethe kungase kungatholakali kalula khona.
Imali Njengendlela Yokushintshana
Njengoba imiphakathi ithuthuka futhi umnotho uba nzima kakhulu, imali yasungulwa njengendlela yokushintshana yonke indawo. Imali yenza kube lula ukushintshana kwezimpahla ngokuqeda isidingo "sokuhlangana kabili kwezidingo." Imali iphinde yavumela ukugcinwa kwenani futhi yasebenza njengeyunithi ye-akhawunti esetshenziselwa ukuhlola amanani ezimpahla nezinsizakalo. Ku-anthropology yezomnotho, imali ayibonwa nje kuphela njengendlela yokushintshana ngemali kodwa futhi njengophawu lomphakathi olubonisa ukwethembana nokuzinza emphakathini.
Uhlelo Lokushintshana Olungeyona Eyemali
Ngaphandle kokushintshana ngemali, kunezinye izinhlelo zokushintshana ezingezona ezemali ezifundwa ku-anthropology yezomnotho. Isibonelo, kweminye imiphakathi yomdabu, izinhlelo zokupha izipho, noma "ukushintshana ngezipho," ziyingxenye ebalulekile yempilo yezenhlalo neyezomnotho. Kulezi zinhlelo, izimpahla nezinsizakalo kushintshaniswa njengezimpawu zobungani, ubumbano, noma inhlonipho, kunokuba kube yimpahla yezomnotho kuphela.
UMarcel Mauss, isazi semvelaphi yabantu saseFrance, encwadini yakhe yakudala ethi “The Gift” (1925), wethula umqondo we-“hau,” ebhekisela emandleni angokomoya okukholelwa ukuthi atholakala ezintweni ezishintshaniswayo ohlelweni lokuphana izipho. Ngokusho kukaMauss, ukushintshana ngezipho kudala isibopho somphakathi esiqine kakhulu kunezinkokhelo ezivamile zezomnotho, njengoba kuhilela isibopho sokuziphatha sokupha, ukwamukela, nokubuyisela.
Izinhlelo Zokushintshana Emiphakathini Yasendulo Neyesimanje
Inhlangano Yasendulo
Emiphakathini yasendulo, izinhlelo zokushintshana zivame ukuhlanganiswa nezakhiwo zazo zomphakathi kanye nezinkolelo zamasiko. Isibonelo, izizwe zasePacific, njengeKula zaseTrobriand Islands, zisebenzisa izinhlelo zokushintshana eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ezihilela ukuhamba ibanga elide ukuze zishintshane ngezihlobiso eziyigugu. Lezi zinhlelo azixhunyanisiwe nje kuphela nezomnotho kodwa futhi nesimo senhlalo, amandla, kanye nobunikazi bamasiko.
Izinhlelo ezinjalo zitholakala nasemasikweni okuzingela nokuqoqa izizwe zaseMelika. Izinhlelo zokushintshana azigcini nje ngokwenza kube lula ukusatshalaliswa kwezimpahla nezinsizakalo kodwa futhi ziqinisa izibopho zomphakathi kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwezizwe.
Umphakathi Wanamuhla
Emphakathini wanamuhla, izinhlelo zokushintshana ziye zashintsha zaba amanethiwekhi ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ahilela izimakethe zomhlaba wonke, izikhungo zezimali, kanye nohulumeni. Kodwa-ke, izici zezinhlelo zokushintshana zendabuko ziyaqhubeka futhi ngezinye izikhathi ziyavela ngesimo somnotho wokwabelana kanye nemiphakathi yasendaweni ethembele ekushintshisaneni kwezimpahla nezinsizakalo ngaphandle kwemali.
Umnotho wokwabelana yigama elichaza ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe ukuze kube lula ukushintshana kwezimpahla nezinsizakalo phakathi kontanga. Amapulatifomu afana ne-Airbnb ne-Uber avumela abantu ukuthi basebenzise kahle izimpahla ezingasetshenziswa kahle. Nakuba kubonakala sengathi zanamuhla, isimiso esiyisisekelo asihlukile kakhulu ekuhwebelaneni noma ekunikezeni izipho esikhathini esidlule—okungukuthi, ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza ngendlela ezuzisayo neqhubekayo.
Isiphetho
Ngendlela yamasiko nezenhlalo, i-anthropology yezomnotho inikeza ukuqonda okucebile ngendlela imiphakathi yabantu ehlela futhi iphatha ngayo imisebenzi yayo yezomnotho. Izinhlelo zokushintshana, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zilula njengokushintshana noma ziyinkimbinkimbi njengezimakethe zezimali, ziyizinto eziyisisekelo eziye zaba khona kuwo wonke umlando wesintu. Ngokutadisha izinhlobo ezahlukene nezindlela zokushintshana, singaqonda kangcono ukuthi umnotho awuyona nje into ebonakalayo kodwa futhi uyinto ejulile yezenhlalo namasiko.
Ezweni elixhumene kakhulu neliyinkimbinkimbi, ukuqonda okuvela ku-anthropology yezomnotho kusabalulekile ekusisizeni ukuthi sicabange kabusha ukuthi sihlela kanjani umnotho wethu futhi sakhe ikusasa elizinzile nelilinganayo. Ngokuqonda okujulile kwezinhlelo zokushintshana, singafunda kwamanye amamodeli ezomnotho angahambisana kakhulu nezindinganiso zethu zamasiko kanye nezidingo zezindawo esihlala kuzo.
