Iminikelo Yabesifazane Emkhakheni We-Anthropology
I-Pendahuluan
I-Anthropology yisifundo sesayensi sabantu, amasiko abo, kanye nemiphakathi. Lo mkhakha udinga ukuqonda okujulile ngokuziphatha kwabantu , ulimi, amasiko, kanye nezindlela zokuphila. Kuwo wonke umlando wayo omude, i-anthropology ivame ukubhekwa njengensimu ebuswa ngabesilisa. Kodwa-ke, lo mbono awulona iqiniso ngokuphelele. Abesifazane benze iminikelo ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-anthropology, yize iminikelo yabo ivame ukunganakwa noma ukuqashelwa.
Indima Yasekuqaleni Yabesifazane Kwi-Anthropology
Ekhulwini le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, abesifazane baqala ukungena ezweni lezemfundo, okuhlanganisa ne-anthropology. Omunye walaba besifazane abaphayona kwakungu-Alice Cunningham Fletcher, isazi se-anthropologist saseMelika esaziwa ngomsebenzi waso nemiphakathi yamaNdiya aseMelika. Naphezu kokubhekana nezithiyo eziningi zobulili, uFletcher wakwazi ukushicilela ucwaningo olujulile nolunegunya ngamasiko amaNdiya aseMelika, ikakhulukazi ama-Omaha namaWinnebago.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, eYurophu, uHélène Metzger, isazi-mlando sesayensi saseFrance, waletha imibono emisha ekufundweni kwe-ethnography kanye ne-anthropology yomlando. Laba besifazane bavula indlela yezizukulwane ezalandela, bebonisa ukuthi imibono yabo kanye nezindlela zabo zazibaluleke njengezabesilisa.
Abesifazane Abadumile E-Anthropology
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abesifazane abaningi bahileleka kwezemfundo yabantu futhi bashiya uphawu lwabo. Abanye abantu abakhunjulwa namuhla bahlanganisa uMargaret Mead, uRuth Benedict, noZora Neale Hurston.
UMargaret Mead
UMargaret Mead wayengomunye wezazi ze-anthropology ezidumile nezihlonishwayo zekhulu lama-20. Ucwaningo lwakhe eSamoa nasePapua New Guinea lwanikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngamasiko nezakhiwo zomphakathi zabantu lapho. Incwadi yakhe ephawulekayo, ethi "Coming of Age in Samoa," inikeza umbono ocacile wokuthi ukuhlangana kwabantu nezakhiwo zobulili kuthonya kanjani intuthuko yomuntu ngamunye. Umsebenzi kaMead wawungabalulekile nje kuphela kwezemfundo kodwa futhi wawunomthelela omkhulu ekuqondeni komphakathi jikelele ngamasiko nezindima zobulili.
URuth Benedict
URuth Benedict, umngane kanye nozakwabo kaMead, naye waba negalelo elikhulu ku-anthropology. Umsebenzi wakhe wakudala, i-Patterns of Culture, uhlole umqondo wamasiko njengephethini yemikhuba eyakha ukuziphatha kwabantu kanye nokwahlulela kokuziphatha. Wethula umqondo wokuzivumelanisa namasiko, ophethe ngokuthi izindinganiso kanye nemikhuba yesiko elilodwa ayikwazi ukwahlulelwa ngezindinganiso zesiko elinye kodwa kumele kuqondwe ngaphakathi komongo walelo siko.
UZora Neale Hurston
UZora Neale Hurston, umbhali wase-Afrika waseMelika kanye nesazi semvelaphi yabantu, wenze iminikelo ebalulekile ekuqondeni isiko lase-Afrika laseMelika kanye nabantu base-Afrika abangaphandle. Emisebenzini yakhe edumile ethi *Mules and Men* kanye nethi *Their Eyes Were Watching God*, uHurston wahlanganisa ukubhala kwe-ethnographic nezincwadi, enikeza ukuqonda okujulile ngezimpilo namasiko abantu base-Afrika baseMelika eNingizimu Melika. Umsebenzi wakhe uqokomisa amandla, ubuwena, kanye namasiko ngombono oyingqayizivele noqondayo .
Ithonya Labesifazane Ezindabeni Zokuphila kanye Nendlela Yokufunda I-Anthropology
Akukhona nje kuphela engqikithini yocwaningo, kodwa nabesifazane badlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni izindlela kanye nezindlela zokufundisa abantu. Bavame ukuletha umbono ohlanganisa wonke umuntu futhi ophelele, benaka izici okungenzeka ukuthi bezinganakwa ngaphambilini.
I-Anthropology Yabesifazane
Enye yeminikelo emikhulu yabesifazane ku-anthropology ukuthuthukiswa kwe-"feminist anthropology." I-anthropology yabesifazane ifuna ukuqonda ukuthi ubulili buthonya kanjani impilo yabantu kanye namasiko. Lokhu kuhlanganisa nokuhlaziya ngokujulile ukuthi ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lwalungase lube lubandlulule kanjani emibonweni yabesilisa futhi lunganakwa okuhlangenwe nakho kwabesifazane. Izazi ze-anthropology zabesifazane ezifana noSherry Ortner noMarilyn Strathern zigxeke futhi zachitha imibono yabesilisa ocwaningweni lwe-anthropology futhi zethula izindlela ezintsha, ezibandakanya kakhulu nezilinganayo.
Izindlela Zokuchaza Izinhlobo Zobuntu
Abesifazane kwezemfundo yabantu nabo bandise futhi bajulisa izindlela ze-ethnographic. Isibonelo, uMarilyn Strathern usebenzisa indlela yokucabanga emsebenzini wakhe, ecabanga ukuthi isikhundla sakhe kanye nobunikazi bakhe njengomcwaningi kuthinta kanjani ukuhumusha nokubhala kwe-ethnographic. Lokhu kusiza ukusunduza i-anthropology ibe nombono ozaziyo futhi ogxekayo.
Izinselele kanye Nezimpumelelo
Naphezu kwempumelelo yabo eminingi, abesifazane kwezemfundo yabantu basabhekene nezinselele eziningi. Ukucwaswa ngokobulili kanye nokufinyelela okulinganiselwe ezinsizeni zemfundo kuvame ukuphazamisa imisebenzi yabo. Kodwa-ke, isibindi nokuphikelela kwabo kuyaqhubeka nokukhiqiza, okubonisa ukuthi iminikelo yabesifazane kwezemfundo yabantu ayinakushaywa indiva.
Ekhulwini lama-21, inani elikhulu labesifazane lithole izikhundla ezivelele ezikhungweni zemfundo futhi lathola ukuqashelwa kabanzi ngomsebenzi walo. Abacwaningi abanjengoLila Abu-Lughod, owaziwa ngomsebenzi wakhe ngabesifazane ezweni lamaSulumane, kanye noNancy Scheper-Hughes, osebenza emkhakheni we-anthropology yezokwelapha, bathole ukuqashelwa emhlabeni wonke futhi bathonya inqubomgomo kanye nokuqonda komphakathi ngamasiko nomphakathi.
Isiphetho
Kuwo wonke umlando omude we-anthropology njengomkhakha, iminikelo yabesifazane ibe nomthelela obanzi nojulile. Kusukela kwabasunguli bokuqala kuya ezizukulwaneni zanamuhla, abesifazane bashintshe indlela esiqonda ngayo abantu namasiko abo. Baphonsele inselelo imibono ekhona, bethula imibono emisha, futhi baqinisa izindlela zocwaningo.
Kubalulekile ukuthi siqhubeke nokuqaphela nokuhlonipha iminikelo yabesifazane kwi-anthropology. Lokhu kuqashelwa akugcini nje ngokukhumbula isikhathi esidlule kodwa futhi kukhuthaza indawo yezemfundo ebandakanyayo nelinganayo yezizukulwane ezizayo zabacwaningi besifazane. Ngale ndlela, isayensi ye-anthropology ingaqhubeka nokukhula futhi ivumelane nokuqonda ubunzima kanye nokwehlukahluka kokuphila kwabantu.
