Metheo ea Boenjiniere ba Likoloi bakeng sa Liithuti tsa Sekolo se Phahameng sa Mosebetsi le Liithuti tsa Boenjiniere
Boenjiniere ba likoloi ke lefapha la mahlale le bokgoni le ithutang ka mesebetsi, tlhokomelo, tlhahlobo le tokiso ea likoloi. Bakeng sa baithuti ba sekolo se phahameng ba ithutelang Boenjiniere ba Likoloi tse Bobebe (TKR) le baithuti ba boenjiniere, ho utloisisa metheo ea likoloi ke motheo oa bohlokoa pele ba kenella lihloohong tse rarahaneng tse kang litsamaiso tsa sejoale-joale tsa ente, li-hybrid, kapa likoloi tsa motlakase. Sengoloa sena se tšohla likhopolo tsa mantlha tsa likoloi ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng: ho tloha lienjeneng le phetisetso ea motlakase ho ea litsamaisong tsa motlakase, ho ea polokehong ea mosebetsi le ho rarolla mathata.
1. Kakaretso ea Mekhoa ea Likoloi
Ka kakaretso, koloi e na le litsamaiso tse 'maloa tse kholo tse hokahaneng:
1. Sistimi ea enjene: e hlahisa matla ka mokhoa oa ho chesa kapa phetoho ea matla.
2. Sistimi ea Powertrain: e fetisetsa matla a enjene mabiling (clutch/torque converter, transmission, drive shaft, differential).
3. Sistimi ea chassis: e kenyelletsa ho emisoa, ho tsamaisoa le foreimi ho etsa hore koloi e tsitse le ho phutholoha.
4. Sistimi ea ho brake: e laola lebelo le ho emisa koloi ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng.
5. Litsamaiso tsa motlakase le tsa elektroniki: li kenyelletsa ho tjhaja, ho qala, mabone, li-sensor le ECU likoloing tsa sejoale-joale.
Ho utloisisa 'mapa ona oa sistimi ho thusa baithuti ho hokahanya matšoao a ho hloleha le mohloli oa bothata.
2. Metheo ea Lienjene tsa Kahare tsa Mollo
Bongata ba likoloi tse tloaelehileng li sebelisa lienjene tsa ho besa ka hare. Molao-motheo ke hore matla a lik'hemik'hale a peterole a fetoloa matla a mocheso ka ho besa, ebe a fetoha matla a mechini a fetolang crankshaft.
a. Potoloho ea mehato e 4
Lienjine tsa peterole le diesel ka kakaretso e sebetsa ka potoloho ea mehato e 4:
1. Ho kenella: piston e a theoha, valve ea ho kenella ea buleha, motsoako oa moea le mafura (peterole) kapa moea feela (diesel) oa kena.
2. Ho hatella: piston e phahama, motsoako oa hatelloa; ka khatello e phahameng ea disele ho futhumatsa moea.
3. Matla: peterole e hotetsoa ke polaka ea spark, disele e fafatsa peterole ea disele e ithorisang; ho phatloha ho sutumelletsa pistone fatše.
4. Mosi o tswang kantle: piston e a phahama, valve ya mosi e a buleha, diphaephe tsa mosi di a tswa.
Likarolo tsa bohlokoa: boloko ba silindara, piston, lesale la piston, rodi e hokahanyang, crankshaft, camshaft, li-valve, lebanta/ketane ea nako, le gasket.
b. Phapang pakeng tsa dienjene tsa peterole le tsa diesel
– Peterole: e sebelisa li-spark plug bakeng sa ho hotetsa, ho fokotsa khatello, ho ba boreleli le ho arabela.
– Disele: ha e sebelise li-spark plug (ntle le li-glow plug tse thusang ho qala ka mokhoa o batang), khatello e phahameng, torque e phahameng, le ts'ebetso e ntle.
c. Sistimi ea ho tlotsa le ho pholisa
– Ho tlotsa ho thibela kgohlano e feteletseng: oli e potoloha ke pompo ya oli ka hara sefe le digalari tsa oli. Oli e boetse e thusa ho phodiseng le ho tlosa ditshila.
– Ho phodisa ho boloka mocheso o loketseng wa tshebetso: sistimi ya radiator, pompo ya metsi, thermostat, fene le coolant. Ho futhumatsa ho feta tekano ho ka baka dihlooho tse sothehileng kapa di-gasket tse phatlohileng.
Ho utloisisa setlolo le ho pholisa ho bohlokoa hobane ho hloleha ha enjene hangata ho qala ka oli e mpe kapa sistimi e nang le bothata ea ho pholisa.
3. Sistimi ea Mafura le Moea
Hore enjene e sebetse hantle, motswako wa moya le peterole o lokela ho ba o nepahetseng.
a. Khabureta khahlanong le ente
– Carburetor (e atileng haholo likoloing tsa khale): motsoako ona o laoloa ka mokhoa oa mechini ho latela vacuum.
– Ho Kenngwa ha Mafura (EFI): ho sebedisa di-injector tse laolwang ke ECU ho latela data ya sensor (MAF/MAP, TPS, sensor ya O2, ECT, jj.). Sistimi ya ho kenngwa ha mafura e boloka mafura hantle, e arabela hantle, mme e fana ka mesi e fokolang.
b. Sistimi ea ho kenya le ho ntša mosi
– Mocheso o amohela moea o sefiloeng ke sefe sa moea. Sefe se litšila se ka fokotsa ts'ebetso le ho senya mafura.
– Mosi o ntšang mosi o tlosa likhase tse litšila le ho fokotsa lerata. Likoloi tsa sejoale-joale li na le li-catalytic converter ho fokotsa tšilafalo.
Baithuti ba boenjiniere hangata ba ithuta haholoanyane ka dikarolelano tsa stoichiometric, mesi e tswang, le taolo ya closed-loop ba sebedisa di-sensor tsa oksijene.
4. Sistimi ea ho Hotetsa le Tsamaiso ea Enjene
Lienjeneng tsa peterole, ho hotetsa ho lokela ho ba nakong (nako) ho fihlela matla a phahameng le ho thibela ho kokota.
Likarolo tse tloaelehileng:
– Betri, khoele, lipolaka tsa spark, lithapo tsa spark plug (kapa khoele e kenang spark), le ECU (litsamaisong tsa sejoale-joale).
– Sensor ea boemo ba crankshaft/camshaft e bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa ho fumana nako ea ho hotetsa le ho kenya.
Matšoao a ho hloleha ho hotetsa: ho hloleha ha enjene, ho hoeleketsa, bothata ba ho qala, tšebeliso e eketsehileng ea mafura, kapa ho hlaha liphoso ho scanner.
5. Sistimi ea Phetiso ea Matla (Drivetrain)
Matla a tsoang enjeneng ha a phalle ka ho toba mabiling. Ho na le mekhahlelo e 'maloa ea phetiso:
a. Clutch le phetiso ea letsoho
Clutch e hokahanya le ho kgaola ho potoloha ha enjene ho phetiso. Matšoao a clutch e tsofetseng a kenyelletsa ho thella nakong ea ho potlakisa, monko o tukang, kapa ho kopana ha clutch haholo. Li-transmission tsa letsoho li sebelisa li-gear ho fetola karolelano e le hore koloi e e ka fetoha ho tloha butle ho ea ho lebelo.
b. Phetiso e iketsang (AT/CVT/DCT)
– AT e tloaelehileng e sebelisa sesebelisoa sa ho fetola motlakase le li-gear tsa lipolanete.
– CVT e sebelisa li-pulley le mabanta/liketane bakeng sa likarolelano tse tsoelang pele.
– DCT e sebelisa li-clutch tse peli bakeng sa ho sutumelletsa ka potlako.
Tlhokomelo ea phetisetso e itšetlehile haholo ka boleng le litlhaloso tsa oli (ATF/CVTF). Liphetoho tse fosahetseng tsa oli kapa oli tse liehang ho fihla morao li ka baka ho thothomela, ho thella le tšenyo ea ka hare.
c. Sefate se fapaneng le se kgannang
Dipharologanyo di dumella mabili a letshehadi le a le letona ho potoloha ka lebelo le fapaneng ha a retoloha. Dikoloing tse kgannang ka mabili a ka pele, ho na le joint ya CV; dikoloing tse kgannang ka mabili a ka morao, ho na le shaft ya propeller le joint ya bokahohle.
6. Sistimi ea Librake, Setering, le Suspension
a. Sistimi ea li-brake
Librake ke sistimi ea mantlha ea polokeho. Mefuta e tloaelehileng:
– Li-brake tsa diski: karabelo e ntle, pholiso e potlakileng.
– Li-brake tsa meropa: li fumanoa mabiling a ka morao a likoloi tse itseng, li matla ebile li theko e tlase.
Likarolo tsa bohlokoa: silindara e kholo, mokelikeli oa brake, silindara ea caliper/wheel, li-brake pad, li-disc/meropa tsa brake, le booster ea brake. Moea o ka har'a sistimi o etsa hore pedal e "thelle," e leng se etsang hore ho tsoe mali.
Likoloing tsa sejoale-joale ho na le:
– ABS (Sistimi ea ho Thibela ho Notlela)
– EBD (Kabo ea Matla a Li-brake tsa Elektroniki)
– BA (Thuso ea Librake)
b. Setereishene le ho emisoa
Seteringi e ka ba ea hydraulic kapa EPS (Electric Power Steering). Seteringi se emisitsoeng (MacPherson strut, double wishbone) se boloka thaere e kopana le tsela. Matšoao a tšenyo a kenyelletsa molumo o kokotang, ho senyeha ha thaere ho sa lekanang, ho sisinyeha ha koloi, kapa ho thothomela ha lebili la seteringi.
7. Mekhoa ea Motheo ea Motlakase le Lisebelisoa tsa Motlakase tsa Sejoale-joale
Hoa hlokahala ho tseba metheo ea motlakase oa likoloi: motlakase, motlakase oa motlakase, khanyetso (Molao oa Ohm), le mokhoa oa ho bala litšoantšo tsa wiring.
a. Betri, sethatho le ho tjhaja
– Libetri li boloka matla a motlakase.
– Sesebelisoa sa ho qala se phetla enjene ha se qala.
– Alternator e tjhaja betri mme e fana ka motlakase ha enjene e ntse e sebetsa.
Matšoao a alternator e fokolang: mabone a fifetseng, betri e ntshang metsi ka potlako, sesupo sa betri se butswe.
b. Li-sensor, li-actuator, le ECU
Likoloi tsa sejoale-joale li tletse li-sensor. ECU e sebetsana le data ho laola ho kenngoa ha mafura, ho hotetsa, ho se sebetse, esita le phetiso. Lisebelisoa tsa bohlokoa tsa tlhahlobo li kenyelletsa sekene sa OBD, multimeter, le (bakeng sa basebelisi ba tsoetseng pele) oscilloscope.
8. Tlhokomelo le ho rarolla mathata nako le nako
Tlhokomelo e tloaelehileng e fokotsa kotsi ea tšenyo e kholo. Ka kakaretso e kenyelletsa:
– Fetola sefe sa oli le oli nako le nako.
– Hlahloba le ho hlwekisa sefe sa moya.
– Hlahloba li-spark plug, likheo le boemo ba khoele.
– Hlahloba sepholi, liphaephe, radiator le ho dutla ha metsi.
– Hlahloba di-brake pad, botenya ba diski, le mokelikeli oa brake.
– Ho potoloha ha thaere, ho lokisa lebili le ho lekalekanya.
– Hlahloba betri, motlakase oa ho tjhaja, le khokahano ea fatše.
Mekhoa e sebetsang ea ho rarolla mathata
1. Hlalosa matšoao ka ho hlaka (ha a hlaha, maemo a enjene a batang/a chesang, lebelo lefe, jj.).
2. Bokella lintlha: molumo, ho thothomela, likhoutu tsa DTC, le liphetho tsa tekanyo.
3. Hlahloba litsamaiso tse amanang ho latela matšoao.
4. Liteko tsa likarolo ka lisebelisoa le mekhoa e tloaelehileng.
5. Netefatsa ditokiso ka ho hlahloba koloi mme o hlahlobe hape.
Mokhoa oa ho nahana ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng ke senotlolo sa ho khetholla litsebi tse "lekang" ho litsebi tsa litsebi.
9. K3 (Tshireletso le Bophelo bo Botle Mosebetsing) Dithupelong tsa Dikoloi
K3 ha se mokhoa o tloaelehileng. Liphoso tse nyane li ka lebisa likotsing tse mpe. Melao-motheo ea motheo:
– Sebelisa PPE: likhalase tsa mosebetsi, liatlana, lieta tsa tšireletso.
– O se ke wa sebetsa ka tlasa koloi ntle le di-jack stand.
– Qoba mollo ha o sebetsana le peterole.
– Ela hloko likotsi tsa motlakase le tsa betri (mouoane, potoloho e kgutshwane, polarity).
– Boloka sebaka sa mosebetsi se hloekile ho thibela ho thella le ho silafala.
Ntle le ho bolokeha, setso sa K3 se ntlafatsa boleng ba mosebetsi le ho fokotsa diphoso.
Ho koala
Metheo ea boenjiniere ba likoloi e kenyelletsa kutloisiso ea litsamaiso tsa enjene, phetiso ea motlakase, ho brake, chassis le litsamaiso tsa motlakase le tsa elektroniki. Bakeng sa baithuti ba sekolo se phahameng sa mosebetsi oa matsoho, tsebo ena e ba thusa ho tseba bokhoni bo sebetsang le ho itokisetsa mosebetsi oa workshop. Bakeng sa baithuti ba boenjiniere, metheo ena e rala motheo oa tlhahlobo ea saense haholoanyane ea libaka tse kang ts'ebetso, bokhoni, taolo ea elektroniki, mosi o tsoang moeeng le theknoloji ea likoloi tsa nakong e tlang. Ka melao-motheo e utloahalang ea tlhokomelo, ho rarolla mathata ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng, le ts'ebeliso ea polokeho le bophelo bo botle (K3), mang kapa mang a ka fetoha setsebi sa likoloi kapa moenjiniere ea nang le boiphihlelo.
Haeba o lakatsa, nka etsa mofuta wa sengoloa sena hore e be mojule wa ho ithuta (ka kakaretso, dipotso tsa ho ikwetlisa, le maqephe a mesebetsi ya ho ikwetlisa) bakeng sa dikolo tsa mesebetsi ya matsoho kapa mofuta wa thuto-taba bakeng sa baithuti ba boenjiniere.
