Molao-motheo o Sebetsang oa Enjene ea Petroli Boenjiniereng ba Motheo ba Likoloi
Enjene ea ho hotetsa ka tlhase (enjene ea peterole) ke mofuta oa enjene ea ho chesa ka hare e sebelisoang haholo likoloing tse bobebe joalo ka lithuthuthu le likoloi tsa bapalami. Boenjiniere ba motheo ba likoloi, ho utloisisa melao-motheo ea ts'ebetso ea enjene ea peterole ke motheo oa bohlokoa pele ho hlahlojoa litsamaisong tse rarahaneng haholoanyane joalo ka ho kenngoa ha mafura ka elektroniki, taolo ea mosi o tsoang, kapa tlhahlobo ea liphoso. Sengoloa sena se tšohla likhopolo tsa bohlokoa tsa enjene ea peterole, potoloho ea ts'ebetso ea eona, likarolo tsa bohlokoa, le lintlha tse susumetsang katleho le ts'ebetso ea eona.
Kutloisiso le Mehopolo ea Motheo ea Lienjene tsa Peterole
Lienjene tsa peterole li sebetsa ka ho fetola matla a lik'hemik'hale a peterole hore e be matla a mocheso ka ho chesa, ebe li fetola matla ana hore e be matla a mechini ka mokhoa oa ho potoloha ha crankshaft. Ho potoloha hona ho fetisetsoa phetisong ea matla le mabiling a koloi.
Tšobotsi e ikhethang ea enjene ea peterole ke hore e hotetsa motsoako oa moea le mafura a sebelisa tlhase e tsoang polakeng ea tlhase. Ka hona, lienjene tsa peterole hangata li bitsoa lienjene tsa ho hotetsa tlhase. Ho fapana le lienjene tsa diesel, tse hotetsang ka lebaka la khatello e phahameng, lienjene tsa peterole li hloka sistimi ea ho hotetsa ho hlahisa tlhase.
Mokhoa oa motheo oa likoloi, lienjene tsa peterole hangata li fumanoa ka mefuta e 'meli ea libaesekele: lienjene tsa 4-stroke (4-stroke) le 2-stroke (2-stroke). Hona joale, lienjene tsa 4-stroke li matla haholo hobane li sebetsa hantle ebile li na le mesi e fokolang, ha lienjene tsa 2-stroke li le bonolo empa li senya ebile li silafatsa haholoanyane.
Likarolo tse ka Sehloohong tsa Enjene ea Petrole
E le hore re utloisise molao-motheo oa ts'ebetso, re hloka ho tseba likarolo tsa mantlha tse amehang ka kotloloho potolohong ea ho tuka:
1. Silindara le piston: moo lits'ebetso tsa khatello le ho tuka li etsahalang teng. Piston e tsamaea holimo le tlase ka har'a silindara.
2. Thupa e hokahanyang (thupa ea piston): e hokahanya piston le crankshaft.
3. Crankshaft: e fetola motsamao wa piston ho ya hodimo le tlase hore e be motsamao o potolohang.
4. Hlooho ea silindara: sebaka sa kamore ea ho chesa, valve ea ho kenya, valve ea ho ntša mosi, polaka ea tlhase, le tsela ea ho kena/ho ntša mosi.
5. Li-valve tsa ho kenya le ho ntša mosi: li laola phallo ea motsoako oa moea le mafura le likhase tsa mosi tse tukang.
6. Camshaft (camshaft): e laola linako tsa ho buloa le ho koaloa ha valve hantle ka mokhoa oa ho lekanya nako.
7. Sistimi ea mafura: khabureta kapa ente, e sebetsa ho etsa motsoako oa moea le peterole.
8. Sistimi ea ho hotetsa: e hlahisa motlakase o phahameng ho hotetsa polaka ea ho hotetsa.
9. Sistimi ea ho tlotsa: e fokotsa khohlano le ho pholisa likarolo.
10. Sistimi ea ho pholisa: e boloka mocheso oa enjene o tsitsitse.
Likarolo tsena kaofela li sebetsa ka kakaretso. Ho se sebetse hantle ho efe kapa efe ea tsona ho ka fokotsa ts'ebetso, ha eketsa tšebeliso ea mafura, kapa ha baka tšenyo e kholo.
Kamoo Enjene ea Peterole ea 4-Stroke e Sebetsang Kateng
Enjene ea peterole ea li-stroke tse 4 e phethela potoloho e le 'ngoe ea mosebetsi ka li-stroke tse 'ne tsa piston le li-revolution tse peli tsa crankshaft. Li-stroke tsena tse 'ne ke:
1. Stroke ea ho ja
Piston e tloha Top Dead Center (TDC) ho ya Bottom Dead Center (BDC). Mothating ona, valve ya ho kenya e bulehile mme valve ya ho ntsha mosi e kwetswe. Motsamao wa piston o fokotsa kgatello ka hara silindara, e leng se dumellang motswako wa moya le mafura ho kena ka kamoreng ya silindara ka hara manifold ya ho kenya mosi.
Lienjeneng tsa sejoale-joale tse kenngoang mafura, moea o kena ka 'mele oa throttle, ha peterole e fafatsoa ke li-injector ho latela litaelo tsa ECU. Lienjeneng tse nang le carburet, motsoako o etsoa ke phapang ea khatello (phello ea venturi).
2. Ho otloa ke khatello
Piston e nyoloha ho tloha ho BDC ho ea ho TDC. Li-valve tsa ho kenya le tsa ho ntša mosi li koetsoe ka thata. Motsoako oa moea le mafura oa hatelloa, o eketsa mocheso le khatello ea oona. Khatello ea bohlokoa hobane motsoako o hatelitsoeng o hlahisa ho tuka ho matla ha o hotetsoa.
Qetellong ea ho otla ha khatello, pele piston e fihla TDC, polaka ea spark ea thunya. Nako ena e bitsoa ho ignition timing 'me e ama matla le katleho ea enjene haholo.
3. Stroke ea Matla/Katoloso
Kamora hore polaka ea spark e tuke, motsoako oa moea le mafura o hotetsa ka potlako, o hlahisa khatello e phahameng. Khatello ena e sutumelletsa piston tlase ho tloha ho TDC ho ea ho BDC. Ena ke stroke e hlahisang tlhahiso ea motlakase ea mantlha. Motsamao oa piston o fetisetsoa ka molamu o hokahanyang ho ea ho crankshaft.
Mothating ona, ho tuka ho loketseng ho lokela ho etsahala ka tsela e laolehileng. Haeba ho tuka ho potlakile haholo ebile ho sa tloaeleha, ho ka etsahala ho kokota, e leng se kotsi bakeng sa enjene.
4. Stroke ea Mosi
Piston e nyoloha ho tloha ho BDC ho ea ho TDC. Valve ea mosi e buleha ha valve ea ho kenya e koala. Likhase tsa mosi li qobelloa ho tsoa ka har'a exhaust manifold le tsamaisong ea mosi. Ka mor'a hore likhase li lokolloe, potoloho e khutlela ho intake stroke.
Enjeneng ea 'nete, ho na le lentsoe le bitsoang ho kopana ha li-valve, le hlahang ha valve ea ho kenya e qala ho buleha ha valve ea ho ntša mosi e e-so koalehe ka botlalo. Ho kopana ho thusa ho ntša likhase tse setseng le ho eketsa katleho ea volumetric ka rpm e fanoeng.
Kamoo Enjene ea Peterole ea Metsotso e 'Meli e Sebetsang Kateng (Kakaretso e Khutšoanyane)
Enjene ea 2-stroke e phethela potoloho e le 'ngoe ka li-piston tse peli le phetoho e le 'ngoe ea crankshaft. Mekhoa ea ho kenya, ho hatella, matla le ho ntša mosi e ea kopana, hangata e sebelisa likou leboteng la silindara ho fapana le li-valve joalo ka enjene ea 4-stroke.
Melemo: kaho e bonolo le tlhahiso e phahameng ea matla ka ho fetisisa ka ho falla. Mathata: ho kopana ha oli khafetsa le mafura, ho chesa hanyane ho hloekileng, tšebeliso e phahameng ea mafura, le mesi e phahameng ea mosi. Ka lebaka la matšoenyeho a mesi e kotsi, lienjene tsa stroke tse peli li ntse li sa tloaeleha likoloing tsa sejoale-joale.
Mabaka a Amang Tshebetso ea Enjene ea Petrole
Boenjiniere ba motheo ba likoloi, lintlha tse ling tsa bohlokoa tse khethollang ts'ebetso le katleho ea enjene ea peterole li kenyelletsa:
1. Karolelano ea khatello
Litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa khatello hangata li ntlafatsa katleho ea mocheso, empa li ka baka ho kokota haeba octane ea peterole e sa lokela.
2. Boleng ba motswako wa moya le mafura (AFR)
Motsoako o motle (stoichiometric) bakeng sa peterole ke hoo e ka bang 14,7:1 (moea: peterole). Motsoako o ruileng haholo o senya ebile o tsuba, athe o se nang mafura haholo o ka etsa hore enjene e chese haholo 'me e lahleheloe ke matla.
3. Nako ea ho hotetsa
Ho hotetsa pele haholo kapa morao haholo ho fokotsa motlakase le ho eketsa tshebediso ya mafura. Dienjene tsa sejwalejwale di laola sena ka elektroniki.
4. Boemo ba sistimi ea ho hotetsa
Lipolaka tsa spark tse senyehileng, likhoele tse fokolang, kapa lithapo tse nang le phoso li ka baka mathata a ho cha, tšebeliso e eketsehileng ea mafura le mosi o mobe.
5. Boemo ba mechini ba mochini
Khatello e tlase ea silindara ka lebaka la masale a piston a tsofetseng kapa li-valve tse lutlang li tla baka matla a fokolang le bothata ba ho qala.
6. Sistimi ea ho pholisa le ho tlotsa
Ho futhumatsa ho feta tekano ho ka senya likarolo, ha ho tlotsa ho fokolang ho potlakisa ho tsofala.
Qetello
Molao-motheo o sebetsang oa enjene ea peterole ke ts'ebetso ea ho monya motsoako oa moea le mafura, ho o hatella, ho o hotetsa ka polaka ea spark ho hlahisa matla, ebe ho lelekoa likhase tse setseng tsa ho tuka. Enjeneng ea peterole ea 4-stroke, potoloho ena e etsahala ka ho otla ha piston ka makhetlo a mane a latellanang: ho kenya, ho hatella, matla le ho ntša mosi. Ho utloisisa likarolo tse ka sehloohong, tatellano ea potoloho, le lintlha tse susumetsang ho tuka ho thusa haholo ho ithuteng mekhoa ea motheo ea likoloi—ebang ke bakeng sa tlhokomelo ea kamehla, liphetoho, kapa ho rarolla mathata.
Haeba o lakatsa, nka eketsa setshwantsho se bonolo sa potoloho ya di-stroke tse 4, tafole ya papiso ya dienjene tsa di-stroke tse 2 khahlanong le tsa di-stroke tse 4, kapa kakaretso e nang le matheba ya thepa ya thuto.
