Metheo ea Motlakase ea Likoloi bakeng sa Liithuti tsa Boenjiniere
Boenjiniere ba motlakase ba likoloi ke motheo oa bohlokoa boenjiniereng ba likoloi tse bobebe le tse boima. Hoo e ka bang sistimi e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea likoloi tsa sejoale-joale—ho tloha ho hotetsa, ho qala, ho tjhaja, mabone, litsamaiso tsa ho kenya mafura, ho ea ho likarolo tsa polokeho—e itšetlehile ka lipotoloho tsa motlakase le tsa elektroniki. Ka hona, baithuti ba boenjiniere ba hloka ho utloisisa metheo ea boenjiniere ba motlakase ba likoloi mohato ka mohato: ho tloha likhopolong tsa motheo tsa motlakase le likarolo tsa bohlokoa ho ea ho ho bala potoloho, ho ea ho mekhoa ea ho hlahloba liphoso. Sengoloa sena se tšohla likhopolo tsena tsa motheo le ts'ebeliso ea tsona e sebetsang likoloing.
1. Mehopolo ea motheo ea motlakase: motlakase, motlakase oa hona joale le khanyetso
Motlakaseng oa likoloi, bongata bo boholo bo tharo bo lokelang ho utloisisoa ke:
– Voltage (V/Volt): "push" e etsang hore dielektrone di tsamaye. Dikoloi le dithuthuthu hangata di sebedisa di-volt tse 12, ha dikoloi tse ding (diteraka, dibese, disebediswa tse boima) di sebedisa di-volt tse 24.
– Motlakase (I/Ampere): palo ea lielektrone tse phallang ka har'a conductor. Motlakase o angoa ke mojaro (mohlala, mabone, enjene ea ho qala, fene ea radiator).
– Khanyetso (R/Ohm): khanyetso ho phallo ea hona joale. Khanyetso e etsahala ka har'a likhoele, likhokahano, likhoele, kapa li-resistor.
Kamano pakeng tsa tse tharo e akaretsoa Molaong oa Ohm:
> V = I × R
> Ke = V / R
> R = V / I
Khopolo ena e thusa haholo ha ho sekasekwa hore na ke hobane'ng ha leseli le lerootho (leqhubu le lenyenyane ka lebaka la khanyetso e kholo), hore na ke hobane'ng ha fuse e phatloha (leqhubu le leholo haholo), kapa hore na ke hobane'ng ha enjene ea starter e fokola (ho theoha ha motlakase ka lebaka la khanyetso ea khokahano).
2. Matla a motlakase le kamano ea ona le mojaro
Ntle le V, I, le R, baithuti ba boenjiniere le bona ba hloka ho utloisisa matla (P/Watt), e leng matla a motlakase a sebelisoang ka yuniti ea nako.
> P = V × I
Mohlala o bonolo: lebone la 12 V 55 W koloing le hula motlakase o ka bang teng:
> Ke = P / V = 55 / 12 ≈ 4,6 A
Lipalo tse kang tsena li thusa ho khetha fuse le boholo bo nepahetseng ba thapo, hammoho le ho bolela esale pele mojaro o felletseng oa sistimi ea motlakase.
3. Sistimi ea motlakase ea koloi: mohloli, mokhanni, mojaro le taolo
Potoloho ea motlakase ea likoloi hangata e na le likarolo tse 'ne:
1. Mohloli oa motlakase: betri le alternator.
2. Dikhonthara: dikheibole, dihokelo, ditheminale, le mehala ya mobu (fatshe/mmele).
3. Mojaro: mabone, dienjene tsa motlakase (dihlakola, diblower), ECU, di-injector, dikhoele tsa ho hotetsa, jj.
4. Taolo le tshireletso: diswitjhi, di-relay, di-fuse, dihokelo tse fusehang, ECU.
Ho utloisisa likarolo tsena tse 'ne hoa thusa ha ho rarolloa mathata: hore na bothata bo mabapi le mohloli, thapo, mojaro, kapa sistimi ea taolo.
4. Libetri le melao-motheo ea tsona ea ts'ebetso
Libetri tsa koloi hangata ke lead-acid. Mesebetsi e meholo ea betri ke:
– E fana ka motlakase o moholo bakeng sa starter.
– E sebetsa e le setsibi sa motlakase oa sistimi ha mojaro o fetoha.
– E fana ka motlakase ha enjene e tima.
Lintho tsa bohlokoa tseo u lokelang ho li utloisisa:
– Motlakase o phetseng hantle wa betri ha enjene e tima hangata o ka ba 12,4–12,7 V (ho latela maemo le mocheso).
– Ha o qala, motlakase o ka theoha, empa ka ho khetheha ha oa lokela ho theoha haholo. Ho theoha ha motlakase ho feteletseng ho ka bontša betri e fokolang kapa terata e nang le phoso.
– Li-terminal tsa betri tse litšila/tse rusitseng li ka eketsa khanyetso le ho baka mathata a fapaneng.
5. Sistimi ea ho tjhaja: alternator le regulator
Ha enjene e sebetsa, sistimi ea ho tjhaja e fana ka matla 'ohle le ho tjhaja betri. Likarolo tsa eona tse ka sehloohong ke:
– Alternator: e hlahisa motlakase oa AC o tla lokisoa ho ba DC.
– Sehlahisoa (diode): se lokisa motlakase oa AC ho DC.
– Molaoli oa motlakase: o laola tlhahiso hore e tsitse (ka kakaretso e ka bang 13,8–14,5 V tsamaisong ea 12 V).
Matšoao a tloaelehileng a ho hloleha ha sistimi ea ho tjhaja:
– Lebone la sesupo sa betri le butswe.
– Betri e fela kapele.
– Mabone a benya kapa a fifala ha lebelo la enjene le fetoha.
Bakeng sa baithuti ba boenjiniere, ho bohlokoa hape ho utloisisa hore li-alternator li hlahisa matla a mangata, kahoo likhoele tsa tlhahiso, fuse e kholo le likhokahano tsa fatše li tlameha ho ba boemong bo botle.
6. Sistimi ea ho qala: enjene ea ho qala, solenoid, le potoloho ea taolo
Sistimi ea ho qala e hula motlakase o mongata haholo ho tsoa betring ho qhaqha enjene ha e qala. Likarolo tse ka sehloohong:
– Enjene ea ho qala: enjene ea DC e nang le torque e phahameng.
– Solenoid ea ho qala: switch ea motlakase e hokahanyang motlakase o moholo le enjene ea ho qala ha ka nako e le 'ngoe e sutumelletsa gear ea pinion.
– Potoloho ea taolo: switch ea ho hotetsa, starter relay (likoloing tse ling), le sistimi ea ts'ireletso (switch e sa nke lehlakore/switch ea clutch/immobilizer).
Mathata a tloaelehileng:
– Molumo oa ho tobetsa empa ha o retelehe: e ka bakoa ke betri e fokolang, solenoid e nang le phoso, kapa khokahano e mpe ea terata.
– Ho potoloha ho boima ha starter: ho ka bakoa ke ho theoha ha motlakase thapong e ntle/e sitsitsoeng, kapa enjene e tsofetseng ea starter.
7. Li-fuse, li-relay, le bohlokoa ba tšireletso
– Fuse e etselitsoe ho robeha ha motlakase o feta moeli, ho sireletsa likhoele le likarolo hore li se ke tsa chesa haholo.
– Relay ke switch ea motlakase e lumellang motlakase o monyenyane ho laola motlakase o moholo. Mehlala e kenyelletsa li-relay tsa mabone, li-relay tsa fan tsa radiator, le li-relay tsa pompo ea mafura.
Baithuti ba boenjiniere ba hloka ho khetholla pakeng tsa tshenyo:
– Fuse e butsoe khafetsa: hangata ho ba le potoloho e kgutshwane kapa ho jara boima ba motlakase.
– Relay e senyehileng: hangata e bontšoa ke mojaro o sa sebetseng leha switch e le e tloaelehileng.
8. Ho theoha ha motlakase le mobu (boima)
Likoloing, 'mele le foreimi hangata li sebelisoa e le litsela tsa fatše. Sena se bolela hore ha se lipotoloho tsohle tse hlokang likhoele tse peli mojarong; khoele e le 'ngoe e ntle e lekane, 'me motlakase o khutla ka har'a 'mele.
Leha ho le jwalo, ho se thehe hantle ha mobu ke mohloli o tlwaelehileng wa mathata:
– Mabone a fifetse kapa a sa tsitsa.
– Sensor e fana ka palo e fosahetseng.
– Phoso ea ECU.
Bakeng sa merero ea tlhahlobo, baithuti ba boenjiniere ba hloka ho utloisisa mohopolo oa ho theoha ha motlakase. Mohlala, likhoele kapa lihokelo tse senyehileng li eketsa khanyetso, li fokotsa motlakase o fihlang mojarong. Ho lekanya ho theoha ha motlakase ho sebelisa multimeter hangata ho sebetsa hantle ho feta ho lekanya motlakase oa betri feela.
9. Ho bala di-diagram tsa terata le matshwao a motheo
Setšoantšo sa terata ke "'mapa" oa sistimi ea motlakase ea koloi. Matšoao le mehopolo e meng e sebelisoang khafetsa e kenyelletsa:
– Mohlodi wa betri, fuse, relay, switch, lebone, enjene, diode.
– Mola wa fatshe hangata o tshwailwe ka letshwao la bongata.
– Makala a potoloho a bontša kabo ea mojaro.
– Linomoro tsa phini tsa sehokelo di thusa ka ho latela thapo.
Bokhoni ba ho bala diagrama tsa terata ke bokgoni ba mantlha, kaha tlhahlobo ya sejwalejwale e batla e bua ka ditsela tsa potoloho le dintlha tsa ho lekanya.
10. Lisebelisoa tsa motheo tsa ho lekanya: multimeter le lebone la teko
Lisebelisoa tse peli tse sebelisoang haholo:
– Multimeter: e lekanya motlakase oa DC/AC, khanyetso, ho tsoela pele, le hona joale (ka mekhoa e itseng).
– Lebone la teko: lebone le bonolo la teko ho hlahloba boteng ba motlakase le bokhoni ba potoloho ba ho tsamaisa motlakase.
Melao-motheo ea polokeho:
– O se ke wa lekanya khanyetso potolohong e ntseng e sebetsa.
– Sebelisa sebaka se loketseng.
– Ela hloko ha o lekanya sistimi ya ho hotetsa kaha motlakase o ka ba hodimo haholo.
11. Mehato e hlophisitsoeng ea ho rarolla mathata
Ho qoba tlhahlobo ea "teko le phoso", sebelisa phallo e latelang:
1. Hlalosa matšoao: ha a hlaha, boemo ba mochini, hore na ke mojaro ofe o sebetsang.
2. Hlahloba mohlodi: boemo ba betri, motlakase ha enjene e tima ebile e butswe.
3. Hlahloba tšireletso: fuse, fuse link, main relay.
4. Hlahloba ho tswela pele le dikgokelo: batla ho hlepha, ho bola, diphini tse kobehileng.
5. Lekanya ho theoha ha motlakase meleng e metle le e fatše ha mojaro o sebetsa.
6. Netefatso ea mojaro: hore na karolo ka boeona e senyehile (enjene e koetsoe, e robehile hanyane, solenoid e fokolang).
Mokhoa ona o koetlisa baithuti ho nahana ka mokhoa o utloahalang, ka katleho, le ho latela maemo a mosebetsi oa lithupelo.
Ho koala
Metheo ea motlakase oa likoloi e feta ho tšoara likarolo ka hlooho, empa hape e kenyelletsa kutloisiso ea likamano lipakeng tsa motlakase, motlakase oa hona joale, khanyetso le matla lipotolohong tsa likoloi tsa 'nete. Ka ho tseba likhopolo tsa libeteri, li-alternator, li-starter, li-fuse, li-relay, ho thella fatše, litšoantšo tsa wiring, le mekhoa ea ho lekanya, baithuti ba boenjiniere ba ka etsa tlhokomelo le tlhahlobo ka nepo haholoanyane. Mekhoa ea motlakase oa likoloi e tla tsoela pele ho fetoha ho ea litsamaisong tsa elektroniki le tse kopaneng haholoanyane, kahoo motheo o tiileng oa bohlokoa bakeng sa thuto e tsoetseng pele, joalo ka li-ECU, li-sensor-actuator, le litsamaiso tsa likoloi tse thehiloeng marang-rang (CAN).
