Kamoo Lienjene tsa Diesel li Sebetsang Kateng Likoloing tsa Kajeno
Lienjene tsa diesel li ntse li le e 'ngoe ea mefuta e sebelisoang haholo ea lienjene tsa ho chesa ka hare likoloing tsa sejoale-joale, haholo-holo likoloi tsa khoebo, li-SUV, le likoloi tse itseng tsa bapalami tse hlokang bokhoni bo phahameng le torque e phahameng. Ho fapana le lienjene tsa peterole, tse itšetlehileng ka ho hotetsa ha tlhase, lienjene tsa diesel li sebetsa ka molao-motheo oa ho hotetsa ha khatello, moo mafura a hotetsang ka lebaka la mocheso o phahameng oa moea o hatelletsoeng. Ka tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji, lienjene tsa sejoale-joale tsa diesel li bile le lintlafatso tse ngata, tse li etsang hore li be matla haholoanyane, li boloke mafura hantle, li be boreleli, 'me li be mosa ho tikoloho ho feta meloko e fetileng.
1. Khopolo ea Motheo: Ho Chesoa ke Ho Chesoa ha Khatello
Molao-motheo oa mantlha oa enjene ea disele ke ho hatella moea o ka har'a silindara ho fihlela khatellong e phahameng haholo. Khatello ena e etsa hore mocheso oa moea o nyolohe haholo. Ha peterole ea disele e kenngoa moeeng ona o chesang e le moholi o monyane, e fetoha mouoane ebe e hotetsa ka bo eona ntle le thuso ea spark plug. Ena ke phapang ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa pakeng tsa enjene ea disele le enjene ea peterole.
Karolelano ea khatello ea enjene ea diesel ka kakaretso e phahame ho feta ea enjene ea peterole. Lienjene tsa sejoale-joale tsa diesel li ka ba le likarolelano tsa khatello ho tloha ho 14:1 ho isa ho 20:1 (ho latela moralo le litlhoko tsa mosi/bokgoni). Karolelano ena e phahameng ea khatello ke senotlolo sa katleho ea mocheso ea enjene ea diesel, kaha ha karolelano ea khatello e phahame, matla a mangata a ka ntšoa ts'ebetsong ea ho tuka.
2. Potoloho ea Mosebetsi oa Enjene ea Diesele: Li-stroke tse 'ne tse ka sehloohong
Likoloi tse ngata tsa sejoale-joale li sebelisa enjene ea diesel ea li-stroke tse 'ne. Potoloho ena e na le:
a. Stroke ea ho ja
Piston e tloha Top Dead Center (TDC) ho ea Bottom Dead Center (BDC), valve ea ho kenya e buleha, 'me moea o hloekileng o kena ka har'a silindara. Enjeneng ea diesel, ho kenya ke moea haholo-holo (ho fapana le motsoako oa moea-mafura joalo ka enjeneng ea peterole e tloaelehileng). Lienjeneng tse ngata tsa sejoale-joale, moea o kenang o 'nile oa hatelloa ke turbocharger, e leng se eketsang oksijene.
b. Setorouku sa Khatello
Valve ea ho kenya e ea koaloa, piston e tsamaea ho tloha ho BDC ho ea ho TDC, 'me moea oa hatelloa. Nakong ena, mocheso oa moea o eketseha haholo. Haufi le pheletso ea khatello, sistimi ea ente e qala ho kenya peterole ka khatello e phahameng.
c. Stroke ea Matla/Katoloso
Mafura a kentsweng a kopana le moya o chesang mme a hotetsa ka boiketsetso. Ho tuka ho hlahisa kgatello e phahameng, ho sutumelletsa piston tlase ho tloha TDC ho ya ho BDC. Ena ke stroke e hlahisang matla a ho tjeka crankshaft.
d. Stroke ea Mosi
Valve ea mosi e a buleha, piston e nyoloha ho tloha BDC ho ea ho TDC, 'me likhase tsa mosi li ntšoa ka koung ea mosi ho ea tsamaisong ea mosi le lisebelisoa tsa taolo ea mosi.
Potoloho ena e pheta makhetlo a likete ka motsotso, ho latela rpm ea enjene. Boreleli ba enjene le katleho li susumetsoa haholo ke nako e nepahetseng ea valve, bongata le nako ea ho kenngoa ha mafura, le taolo ea moea o kenang.
3. Karolo ea Mekhoa ea Ente ea Sejoale-joale: Terene e Tloaelehileng le Ente ea Mehato e Mengata
E 'ngoe ea liphetoho tse kholo ka ho fetisisa lienjeneng tsa diesel tsa sejoale-joale ke tšebeliso ea sistimi ea ente ea common-rail direct. Tsamaisong ena, mafura a pompeloa ka har'a "rail" e nang le khatello e phahameng haholo (accumulator tube) - e ka fihlang ho 1.500 ho isa ho feta 2.500 bar - ebe e fetisetsoa ho li-injector tsa elektroniki ka har'a silindara ka 'ngoe.
Melemo ea terene e tloaelehileng:
– Ho atomization e ntle haholo e le hore ho tuka ho phethahale haholoanyane.
– Taolo e nepahetseng haholo ea ente, e laoloang ke ECU (Yuniti ea Taolo ea Enjene).
– Bokhoni ba ho enta ka makhetlo a mangata: mohlala, pele ho enta, ente e kholo, le kamora ho enta.
Ente e etswang ka mohato e thusa ho fokotsa ho kganna ha disele, ho fokotsa mosi o tswang diphatsa, le ho ntlafatsa boiketlo ba ho kganna. Pele ho ente ho qala ho tuka ha motlakase ka thelelo, athe kamora ho entewa ho ka thusa ho tsosoloseng diphatsa tsa motlakase tlasa maemo a itseng.
4. Turbocharger le Intercooler: Ho eketsa moea, ho eketsa bokgoni ba ho sebetsa hantle
Lienjine tse ngata tsa disele tsa sejoale-joale li sebelisa li-turbocharger ho eketsa phepelo ea moea. Li-turbocharger li sebelisa matla a likhase tsa mosi ho potoloha turbine e hokahantsoeng le compressor. Compressor e hatella moea o kenang, e eketsa boima ba eona (oksijene). Ha oksijene e le ngata, enjene e ka chesa mafura a mangata ka katleho, ea eketsa torque le matla ntle le ho eketsa ho falla ha enjene haholo.
Kaha moea o hatelletsoeng o chesa, ho kentsoe intercooler (moea o pholileng o kenang) ho theola mocheso oa moea, ho eketsa bongata ba oona, le ho fokotsa kotsi ea ho cha ho sa fellang. Motsoako oa turbo le intercooler o lumella esita le lienjene tse nyane tsa disele ho hlahisa torque e phahameng ho tsoa ho li-rev tse tlase - e leng tšobotsi e ratoang likoloing tsa sejoale-joale.
5. Sesepa sa Khanya: Se Thusa ho Qala Maemong a Batang
Lienjene tsa diesel ha li sebelise li-spark plug, empa tse ngata li sebelisa li-glow plug ho thusa ho qala ha enjene e bata. Maemong a mocheso o tlase, khatello feela ka linako tse ling ha e lekane ho phahamisa mocheso oa moea ho ea sebakeng se tsitsitseng sa ho hotetsa. Li-glow plug li futhumatsa kamore ea ho hotetsa kapa sebaka se potolohileng li-injector, e leng se nolofalletsang ho hotetsa ha pele. Lienjeneng tse ling tsa sejoale-joale, li-glow plug li boetse li sebetsa nako e khuts'oane ka mor'a hore enjene e qale ho tsitsisa ho hotetsa le ho fokotsa mosi.
6. Taolo ea ho Hlahisa Mosi: EGR, DOC, DPF, le SCR
Bothata bo boholo ka dienjene tsa disele tsa sejoale-joale ke ho fihlela maemo a thata a mosi o tswang diseleng. Hobane ho tjheswa ha disele ho etsahala moyeng o feteletseng le mochesong o phahameng, ho atisa ho hlahisa NOx (nitrogen oxides) le dikarolwana tse nyenyane (soot/PM). Ho fihlella sena, dikoloi tsa sejwalejwale di sebedisa motswako wa mahlale a latelang:
– EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation): e kgutlisa karolo e nngwe ya kgase ya mosi ho e kenang ho theola mocheso wa ho tuka e le hore NOx e fokotsehe.
– DOC (Diesel Oxidation Catalyst): e kopanya CO₂ le HC ho CO₂ le H₂O, hape e thusa ho fokotsa monko le dikarolo tse ding tse kotsi.
– DPF (Sefe ea Disele ea Likaroloana): li-filter tsa likaroloana/mosili. DPF e hloka "ho nchafatsa" nako le nako (ho chesa mosili o bokelletsoeng)—sena se ka ba sa sebetseng kapa sa sebetsa ka leano la ente.
– SCR (Khetho ea ho Fokotsa Khatello): e fokotsa NOx ka ho fafatsa mokelikeli oa urea (oo hangata o bitsoang AdBlue) ka har'a khase ea mosi, ebe e arabela ka har'a khase ho hlahisa naetrojene le mouoane oa metsi.
Sete ena ea litsamaiso e etsa hore diesel ea sejoale-joale e hloeke haholo, leha e eketsa ho rarahana 'me e hloka tlhokomelo e nepahetseng (mohlala, boleng bo botle ba diesel le tšebeliso ea AdBlue tsamaisong ea SCR).
7. Karolo ea ECU le Li-sensor: Lienjene tsa Diesele li Fetoha "Bohlale"
Leha dienjene tsa kgale tsa disele di ne di tshwana le mekgwa e bonolo, dienjene tsa sejwalejwale tsa disele di itshetlehile haholo ka ditsamaiso tsa elektroniki. ECU e sebetsana le data ho tswa ho disensara tse fapaneng, tse kang MAF/MAP (phallo/kgatello ya moya), disensara tsa mocheso, disensara tsa crankshaft le camshaft, disensara tsa oksijene (ditsamaisong tse itseng), esita le sensara ya kgatello ya seporo sa mafura. Ka ho sebedisa data ena, ECU e laola:
– Nako le bolelele ba ente
– Kgatelelo ya peterole seporong se tloaelehileng
– Ho buloa ha EGR
– Taolo ea Turbo (litšila kapa jiometri e feto-fetohang turbo/VGT)
- Leano la ho tsosolosa DPF
Sephetho ke ho tuka ho tsitsitseng haholoanyane tlas'a maemo a fapaneng, tšebeliso e tlase ea mafura, le matla a matle ka ho fetisisa a nang le mesi e fokolang.
8. Litšobotsi tsa Lienjene tsa Disele tsa Sejoale-joale ho Khanneng
Tšebelisong ea letsatsi le letsatsi, lienjine tsa diesel tsa sejoale-joale li tsebahala ka:
– Torque e kgolo ka lebelo le tlase, e loketse meroalo e boima le ho potlakisa ha pele ka matla.
– Bokgoni bo phahameng, ka lebaka la karolelano e kgolo ya kgatello le dibopeho tse sebetsang tsa ho tuka.
– Ho tšoarella, hobane ka kakaretso likarolo li matlafatsoa ho mamella khatello e phahameng ea khatello.
– E boreleli ebile e khutsitse ho feta diesel ea khale, ka lebaka la ente e nepahetseng, ho damping ha enjene le taolo ea ho tuka butle-butle.
Leha ho le jwalo, diesel ya sejwalejwale e boetse e hloka boleng bo botle ba mafura, tlhokomelo ya sefe, le tlhokomelo tsamaisong ya mosi o tswang ditshila ho boloka tshebetso e ntle le ho qoba mathata a kang ho thijwa ha DPF kapa tshitiso ya EGR.
Qetello
Molao-motheo o sebetsang oa lienjene tsa disele likoloing tsa sejoale-joale o ntse o thehiloe ho hotetseng ha khatello: moea o hatelloa ho fihlela o chesa, ebe mafura a kenngoa, e leng se etsang hore a hotetse ka bohona. Se khethollang lienjene tsa sejoale-joale ho tsoa melokong e fetileng ke tsoelo-pele e kholo litsamaisong tse tloaelehileng tsa ho kenya literene, ho tjhaja ka turbo, taolo ea elektroniki ea ECU, le lisebelisoa tsa taolo ea mosi o tsoang joalo ka EGR, DPF, le SCR. Motsoako ona oa mahlale o lumella lienjene tsa sejoale-joale tsa disele ho fana ka torque e matla, katleho e phahameng ea mafura, le mosi o laolehang haholoanyane—o li boloka li le bohlokoa har'a litlhoko tse ntseng li eketseha tsa ts'ebetso le melaoana ea tikoloho.
