Selelekela ho Sistimi ea Mafura a Likoloi
Sistimi ea mafura ke e 'ngoe ea litsamaiso tse ka sehloohong koloing, e sebeletsang ho lokisa le ho aba mafura enjeneng bakeng sa ho chesa hantle. Ntle le sistimi ea mafura e sebetsang hantle, enjene e tla ba thata ho e qala, matla a tla fokotseha, tšebeliso ea mafura e tla ba tšenyo, 'me mosi o tsoang mosi o tla eketseha. Ka hona, ho utloisisa metheo ea sistimi ea mafura ho bohlokoa eseng feela bakeng sa mechini empa hape le bakeng sa basebelisi ba likoloi ho ba le temoho e eketsehileng ea matšoao a tšenyo le ho etsa tlhokomelo ka nepo haholoanyane.
1. Tlhaloso le Mosebetsi oa Sistimi ea Mafura
Ka kakaretso, sistimi ea mafura ke letoto la likarolo tse ikarabellang bakeng sa ho boloka, ho sefa, ho lekanya le ho hatella (litsamaisong tse itseng), ebe e fafatsa kapa e aba mafura ka phapusing ea ho tuka ha enjene e hloka. Morero oa eona o ka sehloohong ke ho theha motsoako o nepahetseng oa moea le mafura bakeng sa ho tuka hantle. Motsoako o ruileng haholo (mafura a feteletseng) o lebisa tšebelisong e senyang ea mafura le mesi e mengata e kotsi, ha motsoako o se nang mafura a lekaneng (mafura a sa lekaneng) o ka baka matla a fokotsehileng, ho chesa haholo, esita le tšenyo ho enjene.
Mesebetsi e meholo ea sistimi ea mafura e kenyelletsa:
1. Boloka peterole ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng ka har'a litanka.
2. E aba peterole ho tloha tanka ho ea enjeneng.
3. Sefa litšila hore li se ke tsa kena ka har'a injector/carburetor.
4. Fetola bongata ba peterole ho latela mojaro le lebelo la enjene.
5. Ho fafatsa kapa ho fafatsa mafura ho etsa hore ho be bonolo ho a chesa.
6. Boloka khatello e tsitsitseng ea mafura (tsamaisong ea ente).
2. Mefuta ea Mekhoa ea Mafura Likoloing
Likoloing tsa sejoale-joale, ho na le mefuta e 'maloa ea litsamaiso tsa mafura tse fumanehang hangata.
a. Sistimi ea Carburetor
Mekhoa ea lik'habohaedreite e sebelisoa haholo likoloing tsa khale le lithuthuthung tse ling tsa khale. Lik'habohaedreite li sebetsa ka ho sebelisa molao-motheo oa phapang ea khatello (vacuum) ho hula peterole ka kamoreng e phaphametseng ebe li e kopanya le moea ka har'a venturi. Motsoako o hlahang o kena ka har'a intake manifold ebe o kena ka har'a kamore e tukang.
Melemo ea carburetor e kenyelletsa kaho ea eona e bonolo, litšenyehelo tse tlase tsa tlhokomelo, le bonolo ba ho e lokisa. Leha ho le joalo, mathata a eona a kenyelletsa taolo e sa nepahalang ea motsoako oa mafura ho feta ente ea mafura, kutloisiso e kholoanyane ea liphetoho tsa mocheso/bophahamo, le tšekamelo ea ho sebelisa mafura a mangata le ho hlahisa mesi e phahameng.
b. Sistimi ea ho Enta Mafura
Mekhoa ea ho kenya peterole e tloaelehile likoloing tsa sejoale-joale hobane e ka laola phepelo ea peterole ka nepo. Peterole e hatelloa ke pompo, ebe e fafatsoa ke li-injector ka bongata bo itseng ho latela litaelo tse tsoang ho ECU (Electronic Control Unit). Sistimi ena e sebelisa li-sensor tse kang sensor ea boemo ba throttle, mocheso oa enjene, khatello ea moea o kenang, le li-sensor tsa oksijene (likoloing tse itseng) ho fumana nako ea ente.
Melemo ea ho kenngoa ha mafura e kenyelletsa tšebeliso e ntle ea mafura, ho fokotsa mosi o tsoang ka har'a enjene, karabelo e boreleli ea enjene, le ho ikamahanya le maemo a fapaneng. Mathata a kenyelletsa litšenyehelo tse phahameng tsa likarolo, 'me tlhahlobo ea liphoso e hloka lisebelisoa le kutloisiso ea motlakase/lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki.
c. Sistimi ea ho Enta ka ho Otloloha Lienjeneng tse Itseng
Likoloi tse ling tsa sejoale-joale, haholo-holo tse nang le peterole ea theknoloji e phahameng kapa lienjine tsa diesel tsa sejoale-joale, li sebelisa sistimi ea ente e tobileng, moo li-injector li fafatsang peterole ka ho toba ka phapusing ea ho tuka. Mokhoa ona o ntlafatsa bokhoni le matla ka ho lumella taolo e eketsehileng holim'a sebopeho sa motsoako. Leha ho le joalo, sistimi e rarahane haholo, e sebetsa ka khatello e phahameng, 'me e hloka boleng bo thata ba peterole le tlhokomelo.
3. Likarolo tse ka Sehloohong tsa Sistimi ea Mafura
Leha moralo oa koloi ka 'ngoe o fapane, likarolo tse kholo tsa sistimi ea mafura hangata li kenyelletsa:
1. Tanka ea peterole
E sebetsa e le tanka ea polokelo ea mafura. Tanka e na le sebaka sa ho kena le ho ntša metsi, 'me likoloing tsa sejoale-joale, ka kakaretso e na le sistimi ea moea ho laola mouoane oa peterole.
2. Pompo ea peterole
Sistimi ea ente, pompo e fana ka khatello ho netefatsa hore mafura a fihla ho li-injector ka khatello e tsitsitseng. Hangata pompo e fumaneha ka har'a tanka (pompo e ka har'a tanka) ho e boloka e pholile ebile e tšoarella haholoanyane. Litsamaisong tse ling tsa carburetor, pompo ea mechini kapa pompo ea vacuum le eona e ka sebelisoa.
3. Sefe ea peterole
E sefa litšila, mafome le likaroloana tse nyane ho li thibela ho koala li-injector kapa ho sitisa ts'ebetso ea carburetor. Sefa se litšila se ka baka ho thekesela ha enjene, matla a fokotsehileng, kapa bothata ba ho qala.
4. Phaephe ea peterole le phaephe (mohala oa peterole)
E tsamaisa peterole ho tloha tanka ho ea enjeneng. E lokela ho ba matla, e hane khatello, 'me e se ke ea lutla hobane peterole e tuka habonolo.
5. Taolo ea khatello (taolo ea khatello ea mafura)
E tloaelehile litsamaisong tsa ente. Molaoli o boloka khatello ka har'a litlhaloso. Khatello e phahameng haholo e fella ka motsoako o ruileng, ha khatello e tlase haholo e fella ka phepelo e fokolang.
6. Injector kapa carburetor
Enjector e fafatsa mafura ka moholi o mosesaane, ha carburetor e kopanya mafura le moea ka mokhoa oa mechini ho latela vacuum.
7. Mothapo oa 'mele le mokhoa oa ho kenya lijo
Mmele oa throttle o laola bongata ba moea o kenang, ha intake manifold e aba motsoako oa moea-fuel (kapa moea feela lits'ebetsong tse ling) ho silindara ka 'ngoe.
8. ECU le disensara (tsamaisong ya ente)
ECU e sebetsana le data ho tsoa ho di-sensor ho fumana leano la ho enta. Di-sensor tsa bohlokwa di kenyeletsa TPS (Sensor ya Position ya Throttle), ECT (Mocheso wa Engine Coolant), MAP/MAF (Sensor ya Kgatelelo ya Moya o Moholo/Kgatelelo ya Moya o Moholo), Sensor ya O2, le sensor ya lebelo la enjene.
4. Mokhoa oa ho Sebetsa ha Mafura ka Bokhutšoanyane
Koloing e kentsweng peterole, mosebetsi o akaretsang o tjena: peterole e bolokwa ka tankeng ebe e pompelwa sefeng. Ebe peterole e phallela seporong sa peterole ka kgatello e itseng. ECU e ntano laela di-injector hore di bulehe ka nako le bolelele bo itseng, e leng se lumellang peterole ho fafatswa le ho kopanngwa le moya. Motswako o kena ka phaposing ya ho tuka mme o hotetswa ke spark plug. Tshebetso ena e pheta ka potlako haholo, ho itshetlehile ka lebelo la enjene.
Sistimi ea khabureta, mafura a phalla ho tloha tanka ho ea khabureta, a bolokoa ka nakoana ka phapusing ea ho phaphamala, ebe a huloa ke moea ka har'a venturi ho etsa moholi oa mafura. Motsoako o kena ka phapusing ea ho tuka hore o chesoe.
5. Mathata a Tloaelehileng a Sistimi ea Mafura
Ha nako e ntse e ea, sistimi ea mafura e ka ba le mathata. Matšoao a tloaelehileng a kenyelletsa:
– Enjene e thata ho e qala, haholo-holo ha e bata.
– Enjene e a thekesela kapa ea thekesela nakong ea ho potlaka.
– Matla a fokolang le keketseho ea tšebeliso ea mafura.
– Monko o matla oa peterole ka lebaka la ho lutla ha metsi.
– Lebone la sesupo sa enjene (hlahloba enjene) lea bonesa dikoloing tse entsweng ka ente.
Lisosa e ka ba sefe se thibaneng, pompo e fokolang, ente e litšila, khatello e sa tsitsang, phaephe e petsohileng, kapa sensor e nang le phoso.
6. Tlhokomelo ea Motheo ea Sistimi ea Mafura
Ho netefatsa hore sistimi ea mafura e tšoarella le hore ts'ebetso ea enjene e bolokiloe, mehato e 'maloa ea tlhokomelo ea mantlha e ka nkuoa:
1. Sebelisa mafura ho latela likhothaletso tsa moetsi, ho kenyeletsoa le linomoro tsa octane/cetane.
2. Fetola sefe sa mafura ka nako e behiloeng kapa kapele haeba o sebedisa mafura a boleng bo tlase kgafetsa.
3. Boloka tanka e hloekile, qoba mokhoa oa ho tlohela tanka e batla e se na letho hobane mashala a monya habonolo.
4. Hlahloba liphaephe le likhokahano bakeng sa ho dutla nako le nako.
5. Hloekisa ente/khabureta haeba matšoao a ho hoholeha kapa mafura a senyehang a hlaha.
6. Sebelisa sebaka sa ho sebetsa se nang le lisebelisoa tsa tlhahlobo bakeng sa likoloi tse entetsoeng bakeng sa ho sebetsana ka nepo haholoanyane.
Ho koala
Sistimi ea mafura ea koloi ke karolo ea bohlokoa e khethollang bokhoni ba koloi, matla le mosi o tsoang. Ho tloha tanka, pompo, sefe, ho ea ho li-injector kapa carburetor, likarolo tsohle li sebetsa 'moho ho netefatsa hore mafura a fihla enjeneng ka bongata le boemo bo nepahetseng. Ka ho utloisisa mefuta, likarolo, kamoo li sebetsang kateng, le kamoo li hlokomeloang kateng, beng ba likoloi ba ka lemoha matšoao a tšenyo kapele le ho boloka ts'ebetso e ntle ea koloi ka nako e telele.
