Litšobotsi tsa 'Mele le tsa Lik'hemik'hale tsa Li-halogen: Tlhahlobo e Tebileng ea Li-Elements Sehlopha sa 17
Li-halogen ke sehlopha sa likarolo tse ho Sehlopha sa 17 sa tafole ea nako le nako, tse nang le fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), astatine (At), 'me morao tjena, tenesine (Ts). Jwalo ka likarolo tse seng tsa tšepe, li-halogen li na le thepa e ikhethang ea 'mele le ea lik'hemik'hale e li etsang tsa bohlokoa haholo lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tsa lik'hemik'hale le tsa indasteri. Sehloohong sena, re tla tšohla ka botlalo thepa ea 'mele le ea lik'hemik'hale ea li-halogen.
Thepa ea 'Mele ea Li-halogen
1. Boemo ba Mokhahlelo Mochesong oa Kamore
Fluorine le chlorine li teng e le likhase mochesong oa kamore, ha bromine e le mokelikeli o sootho o mofubelu o fetohang. Iodine ke motsoako o boputsoa bo boputsoa o etsang kristale ka sebopeho se ikhethang. Astatine e sa tloaelehang le eona e teng e le motsoako o tiileng, empa ha e tsitse haholo ebile e na le mahlaseli a kotsi. Mofuta oa maiketsetso oa tenesine ha o tsejoe hakaalo ka lebaka la ho se fumanehe ha eona ka bongata.
2. 'Mala
Halogen ka 'ngoe e na le 'mala o ikhethang ka mekhahlelo ea eona e fapaneng. Fluorine ea khase e mosehla o bobebe, chlorine ea khase e botala bo bosehla, bromine e metsi e khubelu e sootho, 'me iodine e tiileng e na le 'mala o pherese o boputsoa. Mebala ena e hlaha ka lebaka la ho monngoa ha leseli maqhubung a itseng a bakoang ke motsamao oa lielektrone liathomong tsa halogen.
3. Ho Tsamaisa Motlakase le Thermal
Ka kakaretso, li-halogen ha li bontše ho tsamaisa motlakase hantle hobane ha se litšepe. Leha ho le joalo, e ka ba li-conductor tse fokolang ka mokhoa oa limolek'hule tse qhibilihisitsoeng kapa likhase tse nang le ionized. Li-halogen le tsona li na le ho tsamaisa mocheso o tlase, e leng se tiisang boemo ba tsona e le li-insulator tse ntle.
4. Sebaka sa ho Qhibiliha le Sebaka sa ho Belisa
Ho na le mokhoa o khahlisang oa ho qhibiliha le ho belisa ha li-halogen ka palo e ntseng e eketseha ea athomo. Lintlha tsa ho qhibiliha le ho belisa tsa li-halogen lia eketseha ho tloha ho fluorine ho ea ho iodine. Sena se bakoa ke matla a matla a ho hasana ha London ka boholo ba athomo le palo ea lielektrone tse ntseng li eketseha.
Thepa ea Lik'hemik'hale ea Li-Halogen
1. Phetoho ea 'mele
Li-halogen li tsejoa li arabela haholo, 'me fluorine ke eona e arabelang ka ho fetisisa sehlopheng sena. Ho arabela ha halogen ho fokotseha ho tloha ho fluorine ho ea ho iodine. Ho arabela hona ho phahameng ho bakoa ke kamano ea tsona e phahameng ea lielektrone; li-halogen li atisa ho fumana lielektrone ho etsa li-ion tse monovalent tse mpe (li-anion). Fluorine, e ka holimo ho sehlopha, e na le matla a matla a tlamo, e leng se etsang hore e arabele tlas'a maemo a mangata.
2. Ho Theha Letswai
Lentsoe "halogen" le tsoa lentsoeng la Segerike le bolelang ho etsa letsoai. Lebaka ke hobane li-halogen li arabela habonolo le litšepe ho etsa letsoai. Mohlala o tloaelehileng ke sodium chloride (NaCl), letsoai le tloaelehileng la tafole. Ha chlorine e arabela le sodium:
2Na + Cl₂ → 2NaCl.
3. Ho ntsha oksijene le phokotso ya yona
Li-halogen li ka sebetsa e le li-agent tse matla tsa oxidizing. Li amohela lielektrone liketsong tsa lik'hemik'hale, ka hona li fokotsa palo ea tsona ea oxidizing le ho oxidizing lintho tse ling. Likarabelo tsena tsa redox lia fapana, ho latela maemo le mofuta oa motsoako o amehang.
4. Metswako ya Interhalogen
Li-halogen li ka boela tsa kopana ho etsa metsoako ea interhalogen. Mohlala, chlorine e ka kopana le fluorine ho etsa chlorofluorine (ClF), le metsoako e meng e fapaneng e kang bromine chlorite (BrCl) le iodine pentafluoride (IF₇), e leng se bontšang mefuta-futa le ho rarahana ha reactivity ea tsona.
5. Limolek'hule tse nang le diatomo
Boemong ba tsona ba tlhaho, li-halogen li teng e le limolek'hule tse tsitsitseng tsa diatomic. Mohlala, fluorine e le F₂, chlorine e le Cl₂, bromine e le Br₂, le iodine e le I₂. Ho tsitsa ha limolek'hule tsena tsa diatomic ho susumetsa litšobotsi tse fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa le reactivity ea tsona le matla a tlamahano.
6. Karabelo le Haedrojene
Li-halogen li ka arabela le haedrojene ho etsa li-acid tsa halide tse kang hydrogen fluoride (HF), hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen bromide (HBr), le hydrogen iodide (HI).
H₂ + Cl₂ → 2HCl.
Li-acid tsena tsa halide li na le thepa e matla ea asiti ntle le hydrogen fluoride e atisang ho fokola ka lebaka la boteng ba litlamo tse matla tsa haedrojene ka har'a tharollo.
7. Chefo
Li-halogen tse ngata li chefo ebile li kotsi haholo. Ka mohlala, fluorine le chlorine ke likhase tse chefo tse ka bakang ho teneha ho hoholo le tšenyo ea matšoafo haeba li hema. Bromine le iodine le tsona li chefo ka bongata 'me li ka baka chefo e kholo haeba li metsoa kapa li kopana le letlalo le lekaneng.
Tšebeliso ea Halogen Bophelong ba Letsatsi le Letsatsi
Ho Hloekisa Metsi
Chlorine e sebediswa haholo tlhoekisong ya metsi ho bolaya dibaktheria le dikokwana-hloko tse ding. Chlorine ke mokgwa o tlwaelehileng wa ho hlwekisa metsi a metse ho netefatsa polokeho ya metsi a nowang.
Indasteri ea Meriana
Meriana e mengata e sebelisa metsoako ea halogen. Ka mohlala, hydrogen fluoride ke selelekela tlhahisong ea meriana e itseng ea fluoride anesthetics. Iodine ke sebolaya-mafu se tloaelehileng se sebelisoang lihlahisoa tsa pholiso ea maqeba.
Indasteri ea Pampiri le Masela
Metswako ya chlorine le chlorine e sebediswa ho soeufatsa pampiri le masela. Tshebetso ena e thusa ho hlahisa dihlahiswa tse kganyang le tse hlwekileng, leha ho ntse ho etswa boiteko bo tswelang pele ba ho fokotsa tshebediso ya yona ka lebaka la matshwenyeho a tikoloho.
Libolaya-likokoana-hloko le Libolaya-likokoana-hloko
Libolaya-dikokwanyana tse ngata le dibolaya-dikokwanyana di na le metsoako ya chlorine kapa bromine. Di atleha ho bolayeng dikokwanyana le dikokwanyana tse bakang dikokwanyana, le hoja di ka baka mathata a nako e telele a tikoloho le a bophelo bo botle ba batho.
Litšebeliso tse ling tse Ikhethang
Liindasteri tsa analog, semiconductor, metal coloring, le lik'hemik'hale tse ling le tsona li sebelisa li-halogen ka mefuta e fapaneng ho ntlafatsa katleho le katleho ea lihlahisoa le lits'ebetso tsa tsona. Fluorine ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea Teflon, 'me metsoako e meng e thehiloeng ho fluorine e sebelisoa likhase tse futhumatsang.
Qetello
Li-halogen ke sehlopha sa bohlokoa sa likarolo tse nang le litlamorao tse pharaletseng k'hemistri, indastering le bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Ka thepa ea tsona e makatsang ea 'mele le ea lik'hemik'hale - ho tloha ho reactivity ea tsona e phahameng ho ea ho thehoeng ha metsoako e mengata ea bohlokoa - li-halogen ha se feela lihlooho tse khahlisang bakeng sa thuto ea lik'hemik'hale empa hape li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa lits'ebetsong tse ngata tse sebetsang. Kutloisiso e eketsehileng ea thepa ea li-halogen e ka bula monyako oa boqapi bo bocha le litharollo tse tsitsitseng masimong a fapaneng.
