Tšebeliso ea Metsoako ea Organophosphate
Metswako ya Organophosphate ke sehlopha sa metsoako ya dikhemikhale e nang le athomo ya phosphorus (P) e hokahantsweng le sehlopha sa tlhaho (se thehilweng khaboneng). Sehlopha sena se tsebahala haholo ka karolo ya sona ya bohlokwa temong, bophelong bo botle ba setjhaba le indastering. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, organophosphates e thusa ho eketsa tlhahiso ya dijo ka taolo ya dikokonyana. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, organophosphates tse ding di na le chefo e kgolo ho batho le tikolohong ha di sebediswa ntle le tlhokomelo. Sengoloa sena se bua ka tshebediso ya organophosphates, melemo ya tsona, le dikotsi le mehato ya bohlokwa ya taolo.
Metswako ea organophosphate ke eng?
Ka kakaretso, li-organophosphate li kenyelletsa metsoako e fapaneng ea li-acid tsa phosphoric, phosphonic, le phosphorothioic, tse nang le liphetoho tsa sebopeho tse susumetsang thepa ea tsona ea 'mele le ea chefo. Li-organophosphate tse ngata li sebetsa ka ho ama tsamaiso ea methapo ea lintho tse phelang, haholo-holo ka ho thibela enzyme ea acetylcholinesterase. Enzyme ena e qhaqha acetylcholine, neurotransmitter e fetisang matšoao ho pholletsa le li-synapses tsa methapo. Ha enzyme e thibetsoe, acetylcholine ea bokellana 'me e baka ho senyeha ha ts'ebetso ea methapo, e leng se ka lebisang ho holofaleng ha phefumoloho.
Leha mokhoa ona o atisa ho amahanngoa le dibolaya-dikokwanyana tsa organophosphate, ha se dibolaya-dikokwanyana tsohle tsa organophosphate tse sebediswang e le dibolaya-dikokwanyana. Tse ding di boetse di sebediswa e le dihlapolli, di-additives, di-plasticizer, le di-intermediate ditsamaisong tsa ho kopanya dikhemikhale.
Tšebeliso ea li-organophosphate temong
Tšebeliso e tsebahalang haholo ea li-organophosphate ke e le meriana e bolaeang likokoanyana, e leng lintho tse sebelisetsoang ho bolaea kapa ho laola likokoanyana tse senyang lijalo. Ho tloha bohareng ba lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, li-organophosphate li fetohile mokhoa o mong oa ho sebelisa meriana e bolaeang likokoanyana e sa khaotseng tikolohong. Li-organophosphate li atisa ho bola kapele ho feta li-organochlorine tse itseng, e leng se fellang ka masalla a tikoloho a fokolang ha a laoloa hantle.
Temo, li-organophosphate li sebelisetsoa:
1. Laola likokoanyana tse senyang makhasi le kutu tse kang liboko, hoaba le likokoanyana tse monyang.
2. Ho sireletsa kotulo ea lijalo tsa lijo (raese, poone), temo ea limela (meroho, litholoana), le masimo (kofi, cocoa).
3. Ho fokotsa tahlehelo ea ka mor'a kotulo polokelong ea lihlahisoa tsa temo, leha tšebeliso sebakeng sena e ntse e thatafala ka lebaka la mathata a masalla.
Molemo o ka sehloohong oa li-organophosphate temong ke katleho ea tsona khahlanong le mefuta e mengata ea likokoanyana le phokotso ea tsona e potlakileng ea palo ea likokoanyana. Leha ho le joalo, phephetso e kholo e hlaha ka lebaka la nts'etsopele e ka bang teng ea ho hanyetsa likokoanyana haeba e sebelisoa khafetsa ntle le ho potoloha metsoako e sebetsang le ho kenya tšebetsong Taolo e Kopaneng ea Likokoanyana (IPM).
Tšebeliso bophelong ba sechaba
Ntle le temo, li-organophosphate li boetse li sebelisoa ho laola likokoana-hloko tsa mafu, joalo ka menoang e jereng feberu ea dengue, malaria, kapa filariasis. Ha ho qhoma, likokoanyana tse bolaeang likokoanyana li ka sebelisoa e le ho fafatsa kapa ho fafatsa libaka tse itseng.
Leha e sebetsa hantle, tšebeliso libakeng tsa bolulo e hloka tlhokomelo e eketsehileng ka lebaka la monyetla oa ho pepesehela batho, haholo-holo lihlopha tse kotsing tse kang masea, bana, basali baimana le batho ba hōlileng. Ka hona, tšebeliso e tlameha ho latela litataiso tsa semmuso, tekanyo e nepahetseng le mekhoa e tiileng ea polokeho.
Tšebeliso ea li-organophosphate indastering
Ntle le dibolaya-dikokwanyana, metsoako e mmalwa ya organophosphate e sebediswa ditshebetsong tsa indasteri, ho kenyeletswa le:
– Litlolo tse eketsang ts'ebetso le ho hanyetsa mocheso.
– Lintho tse thibelang malakabe linthong tse itseng tsa polymer.
– Setlolo sa polasetiki ho eketsa ho tenyetseha ha polasetiki.
– Lisebelisoa tsa maiketsetso tlhahisong ea lihlahisoa tse ling tsa lik'hemik'hale, ho kenyeletsoa metsoako ea meriana le li-reagent tse khethehileng.
Tšebeliso ena ea indasteri ha se kamehla e amanang le mekhoa ea thibelo ea acetylcholinesterase, joalo ka ha ho le joalo ka meriana e bolaeang likokoanyana. Leha ho le joalo, litekolo tsa polokeho li ntse li hlokahala hobane li-organophosphate tse ling tsa indasteri li ka halefisa, tsa chefo, kapa tsa ba le litlamorao tse ka bang teng tikolohong.
Likotsi tsa bophelo bo botle tse bakoang ke ho pepesehela organophosphate
Ho pepesehela li-organophosphate ho ka etsahala ka ho hema, ho kopana le letlalo, kapa ho metsa. Kotsi e itšetlehile haholo ka mofuta oa motsoako, ho tsepamisa mohopolo, nako ea ho pepesehela, le boemo ba bophelo ba motho.
Matšoao a ho pepesehela motho ka potlako a ka kenyeletsa:
– hlooho e opang, ho tsekela, ho nyekeloa ke pelo, ho hlatsa
– ho fufuleloa ho feteletseng, ho eketsa mathe
- ho hema ka thata, khohlela, bohloko ba sefuba
– pono e lerootho, ho tsieleha maemong a tebileng
Ha motho a pepesehetse haholo, boemo bona bo ka fetela boemong ba ho hloleha ho hema ho behang bophelo kotsing. Ho sa le jwalo, ho pepesehela nako e telele (ho pepesehela hanyane khafetsa ka nako e telele) e ntse e le bothata hobane bo ka amahanngoa le mathata a methapo ea kutlo, ho se tsepamise maikutlo hantle, le litlamorao tse ling tsa bophelo bo botle, leha bopaki le boemo ba kotsi li ka fapana bakeng sa motsoako ka mong.
Ka hona, basebetsi ba atisang ho kopana le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea organophosphate—joalo ka balemi, li-sprayer, basebetsi ba polokelo ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana—ba hloka koetliso ea polokeho le litlhahlobo tsa bophelo bo botle khafetsa neng kapa neng ha ho khoneha.
Tšusumetso ea tikoloho le polokeho ea lijo
Tikolohong, li-organophosphate li ka silafatsa mobu le metsi ka tšebeliso e feteletseng, ho lahla litšila ka tsela e sa lokelang, kapa ho phalla ha metsi mobung oa temo nakong ea pula. Metsoako ena e ka ama lintho tse phelang tse sa shebiloeng joalo ka likokoanyana tse tsamaisang peō ea limela, litlhapi le lintho tse ling tse phelang metsing.
Tabeng ea polokeho ea lijo, masalla a organophosphate lihlahisoa tsa temo ke taba ea bohlokoa. Melao hangata e theha Meeli e Meholo ea Masalla (MRLs) ho netefatsa hore lijo li bolokehile bakeng sa ho jeoa. Ho boloka nako ea pele ho kotulo ka mor'a ho fafatsa ho bohlokoa ho fokotsa masalla ho fihlela maemong a amohelehang.
Melao-motheo ea tšebeliso e sireletsehileng le e nang le boikarabelo
E le ho fumana melemo ea li-organophosphate ntle le ho ipeha kotsing e kholo, melao-motheo e latelang ea bohlokoa:
1. Latela leibole le tekanyo e khothaletsoang.
O se ke wa eketsa tekanyo ha o nahana hore diphetho di betere. Ho e sebedisa ho feta tekano ho eketsa kotsi ya chefo le masalla.
2. Sebelisa Lisebelisoa tsa Tšireletso ea Motho ka Mong (PPE)
Bonyane li kenyelletsa liatlana, maske/respirator e loketseng, liaparo tse sireletsang mahlo, hempe e matsoho a malelele le lieta tse koetsoeng.
3. Ela hloko tsela eo moea o tsamaeang ka eona le maemo a leholimo
Ho fafatsa nakong ea meea e matla ho eketsa ho hoholeha (ho tsamaisoa ke moea) ho ea libakeng tse ling, ho kenyeletsoa mehloli ea metsi kapa libaka tsa bolulo.
4. Boloka le ho lahla sephutheloana hantle
Libolaya-likokoana-hloko li lokela ho bolokoa hole le lijo le moo bana ba ke keng ba li fihlela. Sephutheloana ha sea lokela ho sebelisoa hape 'me se lokela ho lahloa ho latela melao ea lehae.
5. Kenya tšebetsong Taolo e Kopanetsoeng ea Likokoanyana (IPM)
Etelletsa pele tlhokomelo ea likokoanyana, phetoho ea metsoako e sebetsang, tšebeliso ea lira tsa tlhaho, le mekhoa ea temo e hatellang palo ea likokoanyana. Libolaea-likokoana-hloko ke khetho ea ho qetela 'me li lokela ho sebelisoa ka khetho.
6. Koetliso le thuto ea basebelisi
Liketsahalo tse ngata tsa chefo li etsahala ka lebaka la ho hloka tlhahisoleseling. Koetliso ea ho kopanya, ho fafatsa le thuso ea pele e thusa haholo.
Litaelo tsa leano le mekhoa e meng
Linaheng tse ngata, melaoana ea li-organophosphate e ntse e thatafala. Metsoako e meng e sebetsang e thibetsoe kapa e thibetsoe ka lebaka la matšoenyeho mabapi le litlamorao tsa bophelo bo botle le tikoloho. Ka nako e ts'oanang, lipatlisiso li ntse li hatela pele ho ea ho chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e khethiloeng haholoanyane, metsoako e sireletsehileng, le mekhoa e seng ea lik'hemik'hale joalo ka taolo ea baeloji, maraba a pheromone, le mefuta ea limela tse hanelang likokoanyana.
Leha ho le jwalo, phetoho ya ho ya mefuteng e meng e hloka tshehetso ya leano, phihlello ya theknoloji, le boeletsi bakeng sa balemi ho thibela ho fokotseha ha tlhahiso. Ha e le hantle, tshebediso ya organophosphate e ntse e tswela pele ka lebaka la ditjeo tsa yona tse hodimo, ho fumaneha ha yona le katleho ya yona.
Qetello
Metswako ya Organophosphate e bapala karolo ya bohlokwa, haholoholo ho laoleng dikokonyana tse senyang dimela le dikokonyana tse bakang mafu temong, hammoho le ditshebedisong tse mmalwa tsa indasteri. Le hoja melemo ya yona e hlakile ho tshehetseng tlhahiso ya dijo le bophelo bo botle ba setjhaba, e boetse e na le dikotsi tse kgolo haeba ho hlaha ho pepesehelana ho sa laoleheng. Ntlha ya bohlokwa ke ho sebedisa tekanyo e nepahetseng, ho sebedisa PPE e loketseng, ho latela nako ya ho leta, le ho kenya tshebetsong IPM ho fokotsa ho itshetleha ka dibolayadikokwanyana. Ka mokgwa o nang le boikarabelo le taolo e matla, organophosphates e ka sebediswa ka mokhoa o bolokehileng ha e ntse e sireletsa batho le tikoloho.
