Mekhoa ea ho Khetholla Likokoana-hloko Liphoofolong
Parasite ke ntho e phelang ka hare ho motho eo e mo amohelang, e bakang kotsi ho motho eo e mo amohelang ka mokhoa oa lefu kapa mahlomola a mang. Ho khetholla likokoana-hloko liphoofolong ke mohato oa bohlokoa oa bongaka ba liphoofolo le taolo ea bophelo bo botle ba liphoofolo, ho thibela le ho laola tšoaetso ea likokoana-hloko e ka behang bophelo bo botle le tlhahiso ea liphoofolo kotsing. Mekhoa e 'maloa e sebelisoa ho khetholla likokoana-hloko liphoofolong, 'me sengoloa sena se tla tšohla mekhoa ena ka botlalo.
Microscopic
Mekhoa ea microscopic ke e 'ngoe ea mekhoa e tloaelehileng haholo ea ho khetholla likokoana-hloko liphoofolong. Mokhoa ona o kenyelletsa ho hlahloba lisampole tsa baeloji tse kang mali, mantle, letlalo, kapa lisele tse belaelloang hore li na le likokoana-hloko.
1. Tlhahlobo ea ho Tsuba Mali: Teko ena e atisa ho etsoa ho fumana likokoana-hloko tsa mali tse kang protozoa (mohlala, Plasmodium, e bakang malaria) le mefuta e fapaneng ea liboko. Sampole ea mali e ntšoa phoofolong ebe e tlotsoa ka mokhoa o mosesaane holim'a slide ea khalase, e daelitsoe ka dae e khethehileng (joalo ka Giemsa kapa Wright's), ebe e hlahlojoa ka microscope.
2. Tlhahlobo ea Mantle: Tlhahlobo ea mantle hangata e sebelisoa ho lemoha likokoana-hloko tsa mala, joalo ka liboko tse chitja, liboko tse tepeletseng le li-protozoa. Mekhoa e kang ho phaphamala kapa ho sedimentation e sebelisoa ho arola mahe a likokoana-hloko kapa li-oocyst ho lintho tse ling tsa mantle, tse ntan'o hlahlojoa ka microscope.
3. Ho Seha Letlalo: Mokhoa ona o sebediswa ho lemoha dikokwana-hloko tsa letlalo tse kang dikokwana-hloko. Ho seha letlalo ho etswa sebakeng se belaellwang mme sampole e hlahlojwa ka tlasa microscope.
Seroloji
Tlhahlobo ea serological e kenyelletsa ho fumana li-antigen kapa li-antibodies ho likokoana-hloko ka har'a serum ea liphoofolo. Mokhoa ona o thusa ho lemoha tšoaetso ea likokoana-hloko tseo ho leng thata ho li fumana ka kotloloho ka microscopy.
1. ELISA (Tlhahlobo ea Immunosorbent e Amaneng le Enzyme): Mokhoa ona o sebelisetsoa ho lemoha le ho lekanya li-antibodies tsa likokoana-hloko kapa li-antigen ka har'a serum. Molao-motheo oa motheo oa ELISA ke hore li-antigen kapa li-antibodies tse itseng li tla itlama holim'a metsi a koahetsoeng ka antigen kapa antibody e itseng, ebe ho fumanoa ho etsahala ka karabelo ea enzymatic e hlahisang phetoho ea 'mala e ka lekanngoang ka bongata.
2. Teko ea Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA): IFA e kenyelletsa tšebeliso ea li-antibodies tse nang le li-fluorochromes ho lemoha boteng ba likokoana-hloko sampole. Ha antibody e tlamahane le antigen ea likokoana-hloko, motsoako o ka bonoa tlas'a microscope ea fluorescence.
Limolek'hule
Mekhoa ea limolek'hule e ntse e tuma haholo ho khetholleng likokoana-hloko hobane e fana ka kutloisiso e phahameng le ho totobala. Mokhoa ona o kenyelletsa ho sekaseka DNA kapa RNA ea likokoana-hloko.
1. Karabelo ea Ketane ea Polymerase (PCR): PCR ke mokhoa oa limolek'hule o sebelisoang ho holisa likaroloana tse itseng tsa DNA tse tsoang ho likokoana-hloko, o lumellang ho fumanoa esita le ka bongata bo bonyenyane haholo. Mokhoa ona o thusa haholo ho lemoha likokoana-hloko tse thata ho li khetholla ka mekhoa ea setso, joalo ka li-protozoa le likokoana-hloko tse ling.
2. PCR ea Nako ea Sebele (qPCR): Mokhoa ona ke ntlafatso ho PCR e tloaelehileng, e lumellang ho lekanya DNA ea likokoana-hloko ka nako ea sebele sampole. qPCR e fana ka melemo ea lebelo le tekanyo, 'me e loketse haholoanyane tlhahlobo e kholo.
3. Tatelano: Tatelano ya DNA e fana ka tlhahisoleseding e qaqileng mabapi le genome ya parasite. Tatelano e ka hlwaya mefuta ya parasite ho latela tatelano ya nucleotide ho DNA kapa RNA ya tsona. Ka kgatelopele ya theknoloji, tatelano ya genomic e se e fumaneha habonolo mme e sebedisetswa ho hlwaya le ho ithuta diparasite ka botebo.
Thuto ea histopathological
Histopathology e kenyelletsa tlhahlobo e nyane haholo ea lisele tse tsitsitseng le tse nang le matheba ho lemoha tšenyo kapa liphetoho tse bakoang ke likokoana-hloko. Mokhoa ona o thusa haholo ho ithuta tšoaetso ea likokoana-hloko e amang lisele tse ka hare tsa liphoofolo.
1. Histology: Tlhahlobo ea histological e kenyelletsa ho nka sampole ea lisele, hangata ka biopsy, ebe e e sebetsana le tlhahlobo tlas'a microscope. Matheba a khethehileng a kang hematoxylin le eosin (H&E) hangata a sebelisoa ho totobatsa sebopeho sa likokoana-hloko le liphetoho tsa histological liseleng tsa moamoheli.
2. Immunohistochemistry (IHC): IHC ke mokhoa o sebelisang li-antibodies tse itseng tse tlamang li-antigen tsa likokoana-hloko liseleng. Sena se lumella ho fumanoa ha likokoana-hloko ka har'a lisele tse pharaletseng, ho fana ka tlhahisoleseling mabapi le sebaka le tšusumetso ea tšoaetso ea likokoana-hloko ho motho ea li tšoereng.
setso
Likokoana-hloko tse ling li ka lengoa laboratoring bakeng sa ho li khetholla le ho li ithuta haholoanyane.
1. Setso sa Protozoa: Li-protozoa tse kang Giardia le Trichomonas li ka lengoa mefuteng e khethehileng ea litaba e susumetsang kholo ea tsona. Setso sena se lumella ho khetholloa ha sebopeho habonolo 'me se tšehetsa tlhahlobo e eketsehileng ea limolek'hule.
2. Setso sa Arthropod: Di-arthropod tse ding tse kang diboseleise le dikokonyana di ka lengwa tlasa maemo a laboratori bakeng sa ho tsebahatsa sebopeho le dithuto tsa epidemiological.
Mokhoa oa Phallo ea Cytometry
Flow cytometry ke mokhoa oa laboratori o sebelisoang ho lemoha le ho lekanya litšobotsi tsa 'mele le tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa lisele kapa likaroloana tse phallang ka har'a molapo o metsi. Le hoja o sebelisoa hangata lipatlisisong tsa lisele le tsa 'mele, mokhoa ona o ka boela oa sebelisoa ho khetholla likokoana-hloko.
1. Ho Imolla Likokoana-hloko: Moelelong oa likokoana-hloko, li-antibodies tse ngotsoeng li ka sebelisoa ho khetholla lisele tse tšoaelitsoeng kapa mefuta e itseng ea likokoana-hloko ho latela matšoao a itseng a bokaholimo.
2. Tlhahlobo ea DNA: Potoloho ea phallo ea mali e ka boela ea sebelisoa ho sekaseka litaba tsa DNA le potoloho ea bophelo ba likokoana-hloko, ho fana ka tlhahisoleseling mabapi le palo le mohato oa nts'etsopele ea likokoana-hloko sampole.
Matšoao a liphatsa tsa lefutso le a biomolecular
Matšoao a liphatsa tsa lefutso le a biomolecular a sebelisoa bakeng sa ho khetholla likokoana-hloko le mefuta ea tsona ka ho khetheha.
1. RFLP (Bolelele ba Karolo ea Thibelo ea Polymorphism): RFLP ke mokhoa o kenyeletsang ho seha DNA ka li-enzyme tsa thibelo le ho sekaseka mokhoa oa likaroloana tsa DNA. Mokhoa ona o thusa ho khetholla mefuta ea likokoana-hloko kapa mefuta e thehiloeng ho mefuta e fapaneng ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa tsona.
2. Tlhahlobo ea Microsatellite: Tlhahlobo ea microsatellite e sebelisa tatellano e khutšoanyane ea DNA e pheta-phetoang ho khetholla pakeng tsa batho ka bomong kapa baahi ba likokoana-hloko. Mokhoa ona o fana ka qeto e phahameng bakeng sa ho ithuta sebopeho sa baahi ba likokoana-hloko le epidemiology.
Ka mekhoa ena e fapaneng, ho tsebahatsa likokoana-hloko liphoofolong ho se ho nepahetse ebile ho sebetsa hantle. Motsoako oa mekhoa ena hangata o sebelisoa ho netefatsa tlhahlobo e nepahetseng le ho fana ka tlhaiso-leseling e hlokahalang bakeng sa kalafo e sebetsang le maano a taolo ea likokoana-hloko.
