Musoro: Nheyo yekushanda yeCarnot Injini
ziviso
Injini yeCarnot, injini yekupisa yakagadziriswa nepfungwa dzakagadzirwa nenyanzvi yefizikisi yekuFrance Sadi Carnot muna 1824, ichiri chinhu chakakosha mukudzidza masisitimu ethermodynamic. Kunyangwe mainjini epasi rese achinetswa nekusashanda zvakanaka nekuda kwekukweshana, miganhu yezvinhu, nezvimwe zvinhu zvisina kunaka, injini yeCarnot inopa chiyero chedzidziso chekushanda zvakanaka. Chinyorwa chino chinotarisa musimboti wekushanda kweinjini yeCarnot, ichitsanangura pfungwa dzayo, maitiro, uye kukosha kwayo muthermodynamics.
Kutenderera kweCarnot: Pfupiso
Injini yeCarnot inoshanda padanho rechina rekufamba-famba rinozivikanwa seCarnot cycle. Danho rega rega mudenderedzwa iri maitiro akasiyana ethermodynamic anobatsira pakushanda kwese kweinjini. Matanho aya ndeaya:
1. Kuwedzera kweIsothermal: Gasi riri mucylinder rinokura richibva musothermal, richitora kupisa kubva mudura rinopisa patembiricha (T_1).
2. Kuwedzerwa kweAdiabatic: Gasi rinoramba richikura pasina kuchinjana kwekupisa, zvichiita kuti simba rayo remukati riderere uye tembiricha yayo iderere kusvika pa (T_2 \).
3. Kudzvanywa kweIsothermal: Gasi rinozodzvanywa neisothermally, richiburitsa kupisa \(Q_2 \) kudhamu rinotonhora patembiricha \(T_2 \).
4. Kudzvanywa kweAdiabatic: Pakupedzisira, gasi rinodzvanywa nekukurumidza, richikwidza tembiricha yaro kusvika pa (T_1 \), zvichipedzisa kutenderera.
Kuongorora Kwakadzama Kwedanho Rega Rega
Danho 1: Kuwedzera kweIsothermal
Pakutanga kwedenderedzwa, chinhu chinoshanda (chinowanzo fananidzirwa segasi rakakodzera) chiri muchiyero chekupisa nedura rinopisa pakupisa \(T_1 \). Munguva yekuwedzera kwemafuta, gasi rinopinda muchimiro chequasi-static, zvichireva kuti rinoramba riri mumamiriro ekuenzana kwese. Gasi rinotora simba rekupisa \(Q_1 \) kubva mudura rinopisa uku richikura. Kupisa kunonyudzwa kunoita kuti gasi riite basa (\(W_{1,2} \)) panzvimbo yakapoteredza pasina kuchinja simba rayo remukati nekuti tembiricha inoramba iripo.
Basa rinoitwa negasi panguva yekuwedzera kwemhepo inopisa rinogona kuratidzwa seizvi:
\[ W_{1,2} = Q_1 = nRT_1 \ln \left( \frac{V_2}{V_1} \right) \]
kupi:
– \( n \) = nhamba yemamota egasi,
– \( R \) = gasi risingaperi repasi rose,
– \( V_1 \) uye \( V_2 \) = mavhoriyamu ekutanga neekupedzisira panguva yekuwedzera.
Danho rechipiri: Kuwedzera kweAdiabatic
Mushure mekuwedzera kweasothermal, sisitimu inopinda muchikamu chekuwedzera cheadiabatic. Mukuita kweadiabatic, gasi rinokura pasina kuchinjana kupisa nenzvimbo yakaripoteredza. Nekuda kweizvozvo, tembiricha yegasi inoderera kubva pa (T_1 \) kusvika pa (T_2 \). Hukama huripo pakati pekumanikidzwa nevhoriyamu panguva yekuwedzera kweadiabatic yegasi rakakodzera hunodzorwa ne equation:
\[ PV^\gamma = \text{constant} \]
kupi:
\( \gamma = \frac{C_p}{C_v} \) inhamba yekupisa kwakati wandei pakumanikidzwa kwakafanana uye vhoriyamu.
Basa rinoitwa ( \( W_{2,3} \) ) panguva yekuwedzera uku rinorasikirwa nesimba remukati megasi, izvo zvinokonzera kudzikira kwekupisa:
\[ W_{2,3} = \frac{n C_v (T_1 – T_2)}{1 – \gamma} \]
Danho rechitatu: Kumanikidzwa kweIsothermal
Tevere, sisitimu inopinda muchikamu chekudzvanywa kwemhepo inopisa. Pano, gasi rinodzvanywa panguva yekubatana nedura rinotonhora nekupisa pakupisa \(T_2 \). Munguva iyi, sisitimu inoburitsa kupisa \(Q_2 \) kudura rinotonhora, uye basa rekunze rinoitwa pagasi, zvichikonzera kudzikira kwehuwandu.
Kupisa kunoburitswa uye basa rinoitwa pagasi panguva yekumanikidzwa kwe isothermal zvinogona kupihwa ne:
\[ Q_2 = -W_{3,4} = nRT_2 \ln \left( \frac{V_3}{V_4} \right) \]
apo \( V_3 \) uye \( V_4 \) ari mavhoriyamu ari pamberi uye mushure mekudzvanywa, zvichiteerana.
Danho rechina: Kumanikidzwa kweAdiabatic
Pakupedzisira, gasi rinomanikidzwa nekukurumidza, richidzosera tembiricha yaro ku \( T_1 \) pasina kupisa kunotsinhaniswa nenzvimbo yakapoteredza. Hukama hwekumanikidzwa nehukuru panguva yekumanikidzwa kwe adiabatic hunotevera:
\[ PV^\gamma = \text{constant} \]
Basa rinodiwa pakudzvanywa kweadiabatic ( \( W_{4,1} \) ) rinopihwa na:
\[ W_{4,1} = \frac{n C_v (T_2 – T_1)}{1 – \gamma} \]
Kushanda zvakanaka kweCarnot Injini
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha painjini yeCarnot kushanda kwayo zvakanaka. Kushanda zvakanaka kweCarnot (\( \eta \) ) kunotsanangurwa nechiyero chekushanda nesimba nekupisa uye kunoratidzwa ne:
\[ \eta = 1 – \frac{T_2}{T_1} \]
apo \( T_1 \) uye \( T_2 \) tembiricha dzematangi emvura anopisa neanotonhora, zvichiteerana.
Kukosha kwemhedzisiro iyi kuri mukuwanda kwayo; zvinoratidza kuti kushanda zvakanaka kunoenderana chete nekupisa kwematangi kwete nechinhu chaicho chinoshanda kana ruzivo rwekutenderera kwacho. Saka, kushanda zvakanaka kweCarnot kunomiririra kushanda zvakanaka kwedzidziso iyo chero injini yekupisa inoshanda pakati pekupisa mbiri inogona kuwana.
mhedziso
Injini yeCarnot inomira semuenzaniso wakakwana weinjini yekupisa, ichipa ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro pemisimboti yethermodynamics. Nekunzwisisa misimboti yekushanda kweCarnot cycle—inosanganisira maitiro e-isothermal neadiabatic—tinowana hurongwa hwedzidziso yekudzidza mainjini chaiwo uye kuedza kuwana kushanda kwakanyanya.
Kunyange zvazvo pasina injini chaiyo inogona kuwana kushanda zvakanaka kweCarnot nekuda kwemiganhu inoshanda, modhi iyi inoshanda sechiyereso. Inosimbisa miganhu mikuru inoiswa nemutemo wechipiri wethermodynamics uye inokurudzira kugadzirwa kwemichina yekupisa inoshanda zvakanyanya. Injini yeCarnot inoramba iri humbowo hwekunaka kwefizikisi yedzidziso uye kugona kwayo kuronga mitemo inodzora kunzwisisa kwedu simba nekupisa.
