Kunzwisisa Mutemo wekutanga waNewton
Mipiro yaSir Isaac Newton kusainzi yaive inoshamisa, uye Mutemo wake wekutanga wekufamba, unowanzonzi Mutemo wekusagadzikana, unomira seimwe yenheyo dzakakosha mufizikisi. Mutemo uyu unosimbisa hwaro hwemakanika ekare uye unotibatsira kunzwisisa maitiro ezvinhu zviri kufamba kana kuzorora. Muchinyorwa chino, tinoongorora kuoma kweMutemo wekutanga waNewton, mamiriro awo enhoroondo, uye zvazvinoreva muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye mashandisirwo esainzi epamusoro.
### Mamiriro Ezvakaitika Munhoroondo
Mutemo wekutanga waNewton wakanyorwa mubhuku rake guru, “Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica,” rakaburitswa muna 1687. Newton asati ataura, maonero aivepo, achitsigirwa naAristotle, aive ekuti simba raidiwa kuti munhu arambe achifamba. Iyi fizikisi yeAristotle yakatonga kwemakore anoda kusvika zviuru zviviri. Zvisinei, Renaissance yakaona shanduko mumafungiro esainzi, nevanhu vakaita saGalileo Galilei vachipikisa dzidziso dzekare. Kuferefeta kwaGalileo nezvekufamba kwakaita kuti pave nehwaro hwemitemo yaNewton, kunyanya kuona kuti chinhu chiri kufamba chaizoramba chichifamba kunze kwekunge chaitwa nesimba rekunze.
Newton akagadzira pfungwa idzi muMutemo wake wekutanga achiti: “Chinhu chiri kuzorora chicharamba chiri kuzorora, uye chinhu chiri kufamba chicharamba chiri kufambira mberi kunze kwekunge chaitwa nesimba rekunze.” Nheyo iyi yakasimbisa kuti kufamba kana kusavapo kwacho imamiriro ezvinhu epanyika uye kuti shanduko mukufamba dzinobva mupesvedzero dzekunze.
### Nheyo yeKusasimba
Pakati peMutemo wekutanga waNewton pane pfungwa yekusaita chinhu chimwe chete. Kusaita chinhu chimwe chete ndiko kunonoka kwechinhu kuramba kuchinja kwemafambiro acho. Chaizvoizvo, chiyero chekuti chinhu "chinoda" kuramba chichiita chero chiri kuita pari zvino, kungave kuri kuramba kwakamira kana kufamba nekumhanya kwakasimba mumutsara wakatwasuka.
#### Misa uye Kusagadzikana
Kusasimba kwakabatana zvakananga nehuremu hwechinhu. Huremu hwacho huchikura, kusasimba kwacho kunowedzera, zvichireva kuti simba rakawanda rinodiwa kuti chinhu chishandure mamiriro ekufamba kwacho. Ndosaka kusunda dombo rinorema kuchida kushanda nesimba rakawanda kupfuura kusunda dombo diki.
### Mienzaniso yeMutemo wekutanga waNewton yeZuva Nezuva
Mutemo wekutanga waNewton hausi kungori wepfungwa chete; unoonekwa muzviitiko zvakawanda zvezuva nezuva. Heano mimwe mienzaniso:
1. Bhuku riri patafura: Bhuku rakagara patafura richaramba rakamira kusvikira simba rekunze raita kuti rishande, sekuti mumwe munhu ari kuritora.
2. Hockey Puck Inotsvedza: Hockey puck inotsvedza pachando icharamba ichifamba yakatwasuka nekumhanya kwakasimba nekuti pamusoro pechando inoderedza kukweshana. Inomira chete kana simba rekunze, senge kunamatira kwemutambi kana kukweshana nechando, rikashanda pairi.
3. Bhandi Rekuchengetedza Mumotokari: Kana mota ikangoerekana yamira, vanhu vari mukati vanowanzo famba vachienda mberi nekuda kwekusaita zvakanaka. Ndosaka kupfeka bhandi rekuchengetedza kuchikosha sezvo kuchiita sesimba rekunze rekumisa vafambi kuti vasarambe vachienda mberi, zvichiita kuti vagare vakachengeteka.
### Mashandisirwo muUinjiniya neTekinoroji
Mutemo wekutanga waNewton une mashandisirwo akakosha muminda yakasiyana-siyana, kunyanya muinjiniya netekinoroji.
1. Kuchengetedzeka Kwemotokari: Kunzwisisa kusagadzikana kwemotokari kwakaita kuti pave nezvinhu zvakawanda zvekuchengetedza mumotokari, zvakaita semabhandi ezvigaro nemabhegi emhepo. Mainjiniya anogadzira zvinhu izvi kuti ape simba rinodiwa kuti vafambi vasanyanya kunetseka panguva yekumira kamwe kamwe kana kurovera.
2. Kuongorora Nzvimbo: Muchadenga, uko kukweshana kunenge kusina, Mutemo wekutanga waNewton unoonekwa zvakanyanya. Zvikepe zvemuchadenga zvinoramba zvichifamba munzvimbo isina chinhu chemuchadenga pasina chikonzero chekufamba-famba nguva dzose. Masayendisiti nemainjiniya vanoshandisa musimboti uyu kuronga nekuita mabasa emuchadenga zvinobudirira.
3. Uinjiniya hweZvivako: Zvivako nezvivakwa zvakagadzirwa nekufunga nezvemasimba achaita basa pazviri, kusanganisira kusagadzikana kwazvo. Kufunga uku kwakakosha munzvimbo dzinosangana nekudengenyeka kwenyika kana mhepo ine simba, zvichiita kuti zvivakwa zvirambe zvakagadzikana uye zvakachengeteka.
### Inertia muzvikamu zvakasiyana zveReference
Mutemo wekutanga waNewton unoshanda muchimiro chekutarisa chisina kusimba—chimiro chiri pakadzikama kana kuti chichifamba nekumhanya kusingachinji. Zvisinei, muchimiro chekutarisa chisina kusimba (mafuremu ari kukurumidza), mamwe masimba anoita seanoshanda pazvinhu, zvichiita kuti kuongororwa kwekufamba kuome.
Semuenzaniso, mufambi ari mumotokari inongoerekana yamhanya anonzwa achisundirwa kumashure pachigaro chake. Kunyange zvazvo zvingaita sekuti pane simba riri kushanda pamufambi ari muchimiro chisina kusimba chemotokari inomhanya, muchokwadi, chimiro chemotokari ndicho chiri kuchinja kana tichienzanisa nechimiro chisina kusimba chepasi.
### Zvinoreva muFizikisi
Mutemo wekutanga waNewton haungopi ruzivo rwezviitiko zvezuva nezuva chete asiwo unotsigira misimboti yakaoma mufizikisi. Ndiwo musimboti wekunzwisisa mitemo yekuchengetedza, yakadai sekuchengetedza simba uye simba.
### Matambudziko Nekuganhurirwa
Kunyange zvazvo Mutemo wekutanga waNewton uchitsanangura zvakanaka kudyidzana kwakawanda kwemuviri, une miganhu. Haufungi nezvemasimba ari padanho re quantum kana simba regiravhiti pachiyero che cosmological, uko dzidziso yaEinstein yeGeneral Relativity inopa tsananguro yakarurama.
### Mhedziso
Mutemo wekutanga wekufamba waNewton, Mutemo wekusagadzikana, wakachinja kunzwisisa kwedu kufamba. Wakapa tsananguro yakajeka uye yakapfupika yemaitiro ezvinhu, uchisimbisa basa remasimba ekunze mukuchinja mamiriro ekufamba kwechinhu. Nheyo dzawo dzinoonekwa muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, dzakakosha kumainjiniya netekinoroji, uye dzakakosha pakufambira mberi kwesainzi. Pasinei nekusakwana kwawo, Mutemo wekutanga waNewton unoramba uri pfungwa inokosha munyika yefizikisi, uchiramba uchichinja nzira yatinonzwisisa uye tichishanda pamwe chete nenyika inooneka.
