Mitemo yegesi yaBoyle, Charles law naGay-Lussac haishande kune ese mamiriro egasi, saka ongororo yedu inova yakaoma. Saka, takaratidza muenzaniso wegasi wakakodzera. Gasi rakakodzera haripo muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva; gasi rakakodzera ndiro fomu rakakwana rekubatsira ongororo. Kuvapo kwepfungwa iyi yegasi rakakodzera kunotibatsirawo mukuongorora hukama huripo pakati pemitemo mitatu yegasi.
Hukama huripo pakati pekupisa, vhoriyamu, uye kumanikidzwa kwegesi
Nekutarisa mitemo mitatu yegesi iri pamusoro apa, tinogona kuwana hukama hwakazara pakati pekupisa, vhoriyamu, uye kumanikidzwa kwegesi.
P 1 = kumanikidzwa kwekutanga (Pa kana N/m 2 ), P 2 = kumanikidzwa kwekupedzisira (Pa kana N/m 2 ), V 1 = vhoriyamu yekutanga (m 3 ), V 2 = vhoriyamu yekupedzisira (m 3 ), T 1 = tembiricha yekutanga (K), T 2 = tembiricha yekupedzisira (K)
(Pa = pascal, N = Newton, m2 = mita yesikweya, m3 = mita yekubikira, K = Kelvin)
Hukama huripo pakati pehuremu hwegasi (m) nehukuru (V)
Mhepo yakawanda inoiswa mubharuni rerabha, bharuni rinozvimba zvakanyanya. Nemamwe mashoko, gasi rakakura, vhoriyamu yebharuni inowedzerawo kukura. Tinogona kutaura kuti huremu hwegasi (m) hwakaenzana zvakananga nevhoriyamu yegasi (V).
Huwandu hwemamota (n)
Mole 1 = huremu hwechinhu chakaenzana nehuremu hwechinhu chacho. Huremu nehuremu hweokisijeni hwemorekuru zvakasiyana.
Muenzaniso 1, oxygen molecular mass (O2 ) = 16 u + 16 u = 32 u (morekuru yega yega yeokisijeni ine maatomu maviri eokisijeni, uko atomu yega yega yeokisijeni ine huremu hwe16 u). Saka, molekuru imwe O2 ine huremu hwemagiramu makumi matatu nemaviri. Kana kuti molekyuri yeO2 = 32 gramu / mol = 32 kg/kmol.
Muenzaniso wechipiri, huwandu hwemamorekuru egasi recarbon monooxide (CO) = 12 u + 16 u = 28 u (morekuru yega yega yecarbon monoxide ine atomu imwe chete yekabhoni (C) uye atomu imwe chete yeokisijeni (O). Huremu hweatomu imwe chete yekabhoni = 12 u uye huremu hweatomu imwe yeokisijeni = 16 u. 12 u + 16 u = 28 u). Saka, mole imwe yeCO ine huremu hwemagiramu makumi maviri nemasere. Kana huwandu hwemamorekuru eCO = 28 gramu/mol = 28 kg/kmol.
Muenzaniso wechitatu, huwandu hwemamorekuru egasi recarbon dioxide (CO2) = [12 u + (2 x 16 u)] = [12 u + 32 u] = 44 u (morekuru yega yega yecarbon dioxide ine atomu imwe chete yecarbon (C) uye maatomu maviri eokisijeni (O). Huremu hweatomu imwe chete yecarbon = 12 u uye huremu hweatomu imwe yeokisijeni = 16 u). Saka, mole imwe yeCO2 ine huremu hwemagiramu makumi mana nemana. Kana huwandu hwemamorekuru eCO2 = 44 magiramu/mol = 44 kg/kmol.
Huwandu hwemamoles (n) echinhu = chiyero chehukuru hwechinhu kusvika kuhukuru hwacho hwemamorekuru. Pamasvomhu:
Mubvunzo 1:
Verenga huwandu hwemamota pa 64 g yeO2
O2 uremu = 64 magiramu
Huremu hwemamorekuru hweO2 = 32 gramu/mol
Mubvunzo wechi2:
Verenga huwandu hwemamota pa 280 gramu yeCO2
Huremu hweCO = 280 magiramu
Mamorekuru eCO = 28 gramu/mol
Mubvunzo wechi3:
Verenga huwandu hwemamota pa 176 gramu yeCO2
Huremu hweCO2 = 176 magiramu
Huremu hweCO2 = 44 gramu/mol
Zvigadziko zvegasi zvepasi rose (R)
Zvichibva pakutsvagurudza kwakaitwa nesainzi, zvakaonekwa kuti kana nhamba yemamoles (n) ikashandiswa kuratidza saizi yechinhu, saka constant yekuenzanisa yega yega gasi ine kukosha kwakafanana. Constant inoenderana ndiyo universal gas constant (R).
R = 8.315 J/mol. K
= 8315 kJ / kmol. K
= 0.0821 (L.atm) / (mol. K)
= 1.99 cal / mol. K
(J = Joule, K = Kelvin, L = litre, atm = mhepo, cal = macalorie)
Mutemo weGasi Wakanaka (muhuwandu hwemamota)
Kuenzanisa kuri pamusoro apa kunogona kushandurwa kuita maequations nekuisa nhamba yemamoles (n) uye ma universal gas constants (R).
PV = n RT
Iyi equation inonzi mutemo wegesi wakakodzera kana kuti equation yemamiriro egesi akakodzera.
P = kumanikidzwa kwegasi (N/ m2 )
V = huwandu hwegasi ( m3 )
n = nhamba yemamota (mota)
R = zvirambidzo zvegasi zvepasi rose (R = 8.315 J/mol. K)
T = tembiricha yakakwana yegesi (K)
Mukugadzirisa dambudziko iri, muchawana izwi rekuti STP. STP iStandard Temperature and Pressure.
Tembiricha yakajairika (T) = 0 o C = 273 K
Kumanikidzwa kwakajairika (P) = 1 atm = 1.013 x 10 5 N / m 2 = 1.013 x 10 2 kPa = 101 kPa
Mukugadzirisa nyaya dzemutemo wegesi, tembiricha inofanira kuratidzwa muchikero cheKelvin (K). Kana kumanikidzwa kwegesi kuchiri kumanikidzwa kwekuyera, tanga wachinja kuita kumanikidzwa kwakazara. Kumanikidzwa kwakazara = kumanikidzwa kwemhepo + kumanikidzwa kwekuyera. Kana kuzivikanwa kuri kumanikidzwa kwemhepo (pasina kumanikidzwa kwekuyera), gadzirisa dambudziko racho.
Mubvunzo wechi1:
Pakumanikidzwa kwemhepo (101 kPa), tembiricha yegasi recarbon dioxide = 20 o C uye vhoriyamu yaro = 2 litres. Kana kumanikidzwa kwacho kukachinjwa kuita 201 kPa uye tembiricha ikakwidzwa kusvika 40 °C, verenga vhoriyamu yekupedzisira yegasi recarbon dioxide.
mhinduro
P 1 = 101 kPa
P 2 = 201 kPa
T 1 = 20 o C + 273 K = 293 K
T 2 = 40 o C + 273 K = 313 K
V 1 = marita maviri
Mubvunzo wechi2:
Sarudza huwandu hwema mole maviri egasi pa STP (gasi iri ndiro gasi rakakodzera)
mhinduro
Mubvunzo wechi3:
Huwandu hwegasi reokisijeni paSTP = 20 m 3. Verenga huwandu hwegasi reokisijeni.
mhinduro
Vhoriyamu ye1 mole yegesi pa STP = 22.4 litres = 22.4 dm 3 = 22.4 x 10 -3 m 3 (22.4 x 10 -3 m 3 /mol)
Huwandu hwemhepo yeokisijeni paSTP = 20 m3
Huremu hwemamorekuru eokisijeni = 32 gramu / mol (huremu hwe1 mole okisijeni = 32 gramu). Saka, huremu hwegasi yeokisijeni ndehwekuti:
huremu (m) = nhamba yemamoles (n) x huremu hwemamoles
huremu = (893 mol) x (32 magiramu / mol) = 28576 magiramu = 28.576 kg
Mubvunzo wechi4:
Tangi rine marita mana eokisijeni (O2 ) . Tembiricha yeokisijeni iri = 20 oC uye kumanikidzwa kwakayerwa kuri = 20 x 10 5 N/m2 . Tsvaga huremu hweokisijeni ( Molecular huremu hweokisijeni = 32 kg/kmol = 32 gram/mol).
mhinduro
P = P atm + P yakayerwa = (1 x 10 5 N/m 2 ) + (20 x 10 5 N/m 2 ) = 21 x 10 5 N/m 2
T = 20 o C + 273 = 293 K
V = marita mana = 4 dm 3 = 4 x 10 -3 m 3
R = 8.315 J/mol. K = 8.315 Nm/mol. K
Kurema kweokisijeni mumasero = 32 kg/kmol = 32 gramu/mol
O 2 uremu?
Mutemo weGasi Wakanaka (Muhuwandu hwemamorekuru)
Kana tikati saizi yechinhu ichi haisi muchimiro chehukuru (m), asi muhuwandu hwemamoles (n), saka gasi risingaperi (R) rinoshanda kumagasi ese. Rakatanga kuwanikwa naAmadeo Avogadro (1776-1856), musayendisiti wekuItaly.
Avogadro akati kana huwandu, kumanikidzwa, uye tembiricha yegasi rega rega zvakaenzana, gasi rega rega rine huwandu hwakaenzana hwemamorekuru.
Pfungwa yeAvogadro inoenderana nekuti R isingachinji yakafanana kune magasi ese. Heano humwe humbowo:
Chekutanga, kana tikagadzirisa dambudziko tichishandisa ideal gas law equation (PV = nRT), tichaona kuti kana nhamba yemamoles (n) yakaenzana,
kumanikidzwa netembiricha zvakafananawo, saka huwandu hwemagasi ese huchava hwakafanana kana tikashandisa ma "universal gas constants" R = 8.315 J / mol. K). MuSTP, chero gasi rine nhamba yakafanana yema "mole" (n) richava nehuwandu hwakafanana. Vhoriyamu ye1 mole yegasi paSTP = 22.4 litres. Vhoriyamu ye2 mole yegasi = 44.8 litres. Vhoriyamu ye3 mole yegasi = 67.2 litres. Uye zvichingodaro. Izvi zvinoshanda kumagasi ese.
Chechipiri, huwandu hwemamorekuru mu mole imwe chete hwakafanana kune magasi ese. Huwandu hwemamorekuru mu mole imwe chete = huwandu hwemamorekuru pa mole = Avogadro nhamba (NA). Saka, nhamba yeAvogadro yakafanana kune magasi ese.
Nhamba yaAvogadro inowanikwa kuburikidza nekuyera:
NA = 6.02 x 10 23 mamorekuru / mol
Kuti uwane huwandu hwese hwemamorekuru (N), wedzera huwandu hwemamorekuru pamorekuru (N A ) nenhamba yemamorekuru (n).
Huwandu hwemamorekuru (N) = huwandu hwemamorekuru pamorekuru (N A ) x huwandu hwemamorekuru (n)
P = Kumanikidzwa, V = Vhoriyamu, N = Huwandu hwemamorekuru, k = Boltzmann constant (k = 1.38 x 10-23 J / K), T = Tembiricha
Vhoriyamu Units
1 litre (L) = 1000 milliliters (mL) = 1000 cubic centimeters (cm 3 )
1 litre (L) = 1 cubic decimeter (dm 3 ) = 1 x 10 -3 m3
Pressure dzakabatana
1 N/m 2 = 1 Pa
1 atm = 1.013 x 10 5 N/m 2 = 1.013 x 10 5 Pa = 1.013 x 10 2 kPa = 101.3 kPa (inowanzo shandiswa 101 kPa)
Pa = pascal
atm = mhepo
