Matambudziko eRadioactivity - uye mhinduro dzawo
1. Zvichibva pamufananidzo uri pazasi, basa remwaranzi mushure mekuora kwemaawa 13.86 ndiro …
Zvinozivikanwa:
Hafu yehupenyu (T 1/2 ) = maawa 6.93
Nguva-inopera (t) = maawa 13.86
Zvinodiwa: basa remwaranzi
Solution:
A = chiitiko chemwaranzi , λ = chinoramba chichiora, N t = Huwandu hwemaatomu ane mwaranzi mushure mekuora panguva yakati , T 1/2 = hafu yehupenyu
Kuora kunogara kuripo:
Huwandu hwemaatomu ane radioactive mushure mekuora panguva yakatarwa:
Basa remwaranzi:
2. Zvichibva pamufananidzo uri pazasi, mushure mekunge chinhu chine radioactive chaora kwemaminitsi gumi nemashanu, zvino chinhu chine radioactive chasara chinova …
Solution:
N o = Huwandu hwekutanga hwemaatomu ane radioactive
N t = Huwandu hwekupedzisira hwemaatomu ane radioactive mushure mekuora panguva yakatarwa (t)
t = nguva inodarika
T 1/2 = hafu yehupenyu
Verenga hafu yehupenyu:
Zvinozivikanwa:
Nha = magiramu masere
Nt = 2 magiramu
t = maminetsi matanhatu
Zvinodiwa: hafu yehupenyu (T 1/2)
Solution:
Verenga zvinhu zvakasara zvine mwaranzi:
Zvinozivikanwa:
Huwandu hwekutanga hwemaatomu ane radioactive ( No ) = 8 magiramu
Kupera kwenguva (t) = maminetsi gumi nemashanu
Hafu yehupenyu (T 1/2) = maminetsi matatu
Zvinodiwa: zvinhu zvinosara zvine mwaranzi (N t )
Solution:
1. Mubvunzo: Chii chinonzi radioactivity?
Mhinduro: Radioactivity inongova kubuda kwezvikamu kana simba kubva munucleus yeatomu isina kugadzikana.
2. Mubvunzo: Dudza mhando nhatu dzinozivikanwa dzekuora kwemwaranzi.
Mhinduro: Iwo matatu marudzi akajairika ndeye alpha (α) kuora, beta (β) kuora, uye gamma (γ) mwaranzi.
3. Mubvunzo: Chii chinobuda panguva yekuora kwe alpha?
Mhinduro: Panguva yekuora kwealpha, chidimbu chealpha chinobuda, chine mapurotoni maviri nemanyuturoni maviri (zvikurukuru helium-4 nucleus).
4. Mubvunzo: Nhamba yeatomu yechinhu inoshanduka sei panguva yekuora kwe beta-minus (β⁻)?
Mhinduro: Panguva yekuora kwe beta-minus, neutron inoshanduka kuita proton, ichiburitsa erekitironi panguva iyi. Izvi zvinowedzera nhamba yeatomu neimwe.
5. Mubvunzo: Chii chinonzi gamma radiation?
Mhinduro: Gamma radiation iphoton ine simba guru inoburitswa kubva muatomu ine radioactive. I electromagnetic radiation, yakafanana neX-rays asi ine simba rakawanda.
6. Mubvunzo: Sei gamma radiation ichiwanzoburitswa mushure mekuora kwemamwe marudzi?
Mhinduro: Gamma mwaranzi inowanzo buda mushure memamwe marudzi ekuora kuti ibudise simba rakawandisa kubva munucleus yaifara, ichiidzosera kusimba rakaderera.
7. Mubvunzo: Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pehafu yehupenyu neiyo inoramba ichiora?
Mhinduro: Hafu-hupenyu inguva inotorwa kuti hafu yemaatomu ane radioactive mumuenzaniso iore, nepo kuora kusingagumi kuchimiririra mukana wekuti atomu imwe chete iore payuniti imwe chete.
8. Mubvunzo: Ma radioisotopes anoshandiswa sei mukurapa?
Mhinduro: Maradioisotopes anogona kushandiswa mukurapa kwezvirwere uye pakurapa. Semuenzaniso, technetium-99m inoshandiswa mumifananidzo, ukuwo iodine-131 inoshandiswa mukurapa zvirwere zvethyroid.
9. Mubvunzo: Ndeipi nheyo iri shure kwekuzivikanwa kwecarbon-14?
Mhinduro: Kuverenga nguva kweCarbon-14 kwakavakirwa pakuyera chiyero checarbon-14 (isotope ine radioactive) necarbon-12 muzvinhu zvakasikwa. Sezvo carbon-14 ichiora nekufamba kwenguva, chiyero ichi chinogona kuratidza zera remuenzaniso.
10. Mubvunzo: Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pekuputika nekusanganiswa kwezvinhu kana tichitarisa mashandiro enyukireya?
Mhinduro: Kupatsanurwa kwenucleus inorema kuita maviri kana kupfuura madiki, zvichiburitsa simba. Kusanganiswa, kune rumwe rutivi, kunosanganisira kubatanidza manucleus maviri akareruka kuti agadzire imwe inorema, pamwe nekuburitsa simba.
11. Mubvunzo: Kaunta yeGeiger inoshanda sei?
Mhinduro: Kaunta yeGeiger inoona mwaranzi nekuyera ionization inogadzirwa muchubhu yeGeiger-Müller. Kana mwaranzi inopfuura nemuchubhu, inoisa ioni mukati, zvichikonzera kubuda kwemagetsi kunoyerwa.
12. Mubvunzo: Chii chinoshanda netambo dzekudzora muzviyeredzi zvenyukireya?
Mhinduro: Matandi ekudzora anotora manyuturoni, zvichidzora mwero wekuita kwekuputika kwenyukireya mureactor. Nekugadzirisa nzvimbo yematanda aya, kuita kwekuita kunogona kukurumidziswa, kuderedzwa, kana kumira zvachose.
13. Mubvunzo: Sei mutobvu uchishandiswa sechidziviriro kubva kumwaranzi?
Mhinduro: Mutobvu wakakora uye unogona kupinza nekumisa mhando dzakasiyana dzemwaranzi, kunyanya mwaranzi ye gamma, zvichidzivirira vanhu nemidziyo kubva pakusvibiswa nemwaranzi.
14. Mubvunzo: Pfungwa yesimba rinosunga inobatana sei ne radioactivity?
Mhinduro: Simba rinosunga isimba rinodiwa kuti nucleus isanganiswe mumapurotoni nemanyuturoni ayo. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kana kurongedza kana kuburitsa zvidimbu zvidiki kunoderedza simba rese rinosunga, nucleus ichaita izvozvo, zvichikonzera kuora kwemwaranzi.
15. Mubvunzo: Ndeipi unit yakajairika yekuyera radioactivity?
Mhinduro: Becquerel (Bq) chinhu chakajairika, chinomiririra chiitiko chimwe chete chekuora pasekondi.
16. Mubvunzo: Radon ine hukama hwakaita sei ne radioactivity?
Mhinduro: Radon igasi rine radioactive rinongoitika zvechisikigo, rinoumbwa sechigadzirwa chekuora kweuranium. Rinogona kuungana muzvivako uye rinokonzera njodzi kuhutano nekuda kweradioactive yaro.
17. Mubvunzo: Sei plutonium-239 ichikosha musimba renyukireya?
Mhinduro: Plutonium-239 inogona kupatsanurwa uye inoshandiswa semafuta mune mamwe marudzi ema reactor enyukireya uye mukugadzirwa kwezvombo zvenyukireya.
18. Mubvunzo: Chii chinonzi neutron activation?
Mhinduro: Kushanda kwemanyuturoni inzira iyo maisotopu akagadzikana anova nemwaranzi mushure mekubata manyuturoni. Isotopu itsva inowanzoora nekubudisa mwaranzi ye beta kana gamma.
19. Mubvunzo: Matracer anoshanda sei mukudzidza maitiro ehupenyu?
Mhinduro: Ma "radioactive tracers" isotopes anoburitsa mwaranzi uye anogona kuteverwa paanofamba mu "biological systems". Nekutarisa mafambiro awo, vaongorori vanogona kudzidza maitiro akadai senzira dzemetabolism kana kuyerera kweropa.
20. Mubvunzo: Sei zvimwe zvinhu zvine mwaranzi yakawanda kupfuura zvimwe?
Mhinduro: Kugadzikana kwenucleus yeatomu kunoenderana nekuenzana kwemaprotoni nemanyutroni. Zvinhu zvine nuclei zvisiri kuenzana kwakasimba kwezvikamu izvi zvinowanzova nemwaranzi yakawanda, sezvo zvichiora kuti zvisvike pakuva zvakagadzikana.
