Musoro: Nhanganyaya yeZvinhu Zvakakosha zveFizikisi zveGiredhi rechi10 High School
Fizikisi, bazi resainzi rinoongorora misimboti mikuru inodzora nyika yechisikigo, rinoshanda sedombo guru redzidzo yesainzi. Kune vana vegiredhi rechi10, fizikisi inopa mukana wekuwedzera kunzwisisa kwavo pfungwa dzine mashandisirwo akakura uye kuisa hwaro hwezvidzidzo zvesainzi zveramangwana. Chinyorwa ichi chinotsanangura misoro yefizikisi yakakosha inowanzofukidzwa muchirongwa chedzidzo yechikoro chesekondari chegiredhi rechi10 uye chinangwa ndechekuita kuti zvidzidzo izvi zvive nyore uye zvinakidze vadzidzi.
Kunzwisisa Kufamba: Kinematics
Kinematics, kudzidza kwekufamba pasina kufunga nezvezvikonzero zvako, inyaya huru mufizikisi yegiredhi rechi10. Vadzidzi vanotanga nekudzidza pfungwa dzakakosha dzakadai sekutama, kumhanya, uye kukurumidza.
– Kutamiswa vs. Kureba: Kutamiswa zvinoreva huwandu hwevector hune chekuita nekuchinja kwenzvimbo yechinhu kubva pakutanga kwacho, tichifunga nezvekwachinobva. Kureba, huwandu hwe scalar, hunoyera nzira yese yafambiswa pasinei nekwachinobva.
– Kumhanya uye Kumhanya: Kumhanya inhamba yevector inoratidza mwero wekuchinja kwekutama uye inosanganisira gwara, nepo kumhanya iri nhanho ye scalar inoratidza kuti chinhu chinofamba nekukurumidza sei pasina kufunga nezvegwara.
– Kukurumidzisa: Ichitsanangurwa sechiyero chekuchinja kwekukurumidza, pfungwa iyi inobatsira vadzidzi kunzwisisa kuti zvinhu zvinokurumidzisa sei, zvinoderedza kumhanya, kana kushandura gwara sei pasi pemasimba akasiyana-siyana.
Vadzidzi vanowanzo shandisa maequations ekufamba kugadzirisa matambudziko ane chekuita nekufamba kwakasimba zvakaenzana. Maequations aya anobatsira kufanotaura nzvimbo uye kumhanya kwezvinhu zvinofamba nekufamba kwenguva.
Kuongorora Masimba: Maitiro
Mafambiro, kudzidza kwemasimba uye mhedzisiro yawo pakufamba, zvinovakira pahwaro hwakaiswa ne kinematics. Misoro mikuru inosanganisira Mitemo yaNewton yekufamba, iyo inokosha pakunzwisisa kuti masimba anopesvedzera sei maitiro ezvinhu.
– Mutemo wekutanga waNewton: Unozivikanwawo semutemo wekusaita chinhu, unoti chinhu chinoramba chakazorora kana kuti chichifamba zvakafanana kunze kwekunge chaitwa nesimba rekunze.
– Mutemo Wechipiri waNewton: Mutemo uyu unoyera hukama huripo pakati pesimba, huremu, uye kukurumidza (F = ma), zvichiratidza kuti simba remagetsi pachinhu rinokanganisa sei kufamba kwacho.
– Mutemo wechitatu waNewton: Unotaura kuti chiito chega chega chine maitiro akaenzana uye akasiyana, zvichibatsira vadzidzi kunzwisisa pfungwa yemajoini esimba rekuita-kuita uye zvazvinoreva.
Kuti vagone hunyanzvi hwekuchinja kwezvinhu, vadzidzi vanodzidzira kuongorora madhayagiramu emuviri wakasununguka, ayo anoratidza masimba ese ari kushanda pachinhu, uye kugadzirisa matambudziko vachishandisa kuwedzera nekubvisa vector.
Masimba Egiravhiti uye Kufamba Kwezviratidziro
Simba rekukwevera pasi, simba rinokwezva pakati pemasumbu maviri, ndeimwe nyaya inokosha. Vadzidzi vanoongorora mutemo wepasi rose wegiravhiti wakagadzirwa naIsaac Newton, uyo unoti chidimbu chimwe nechimwe chezvinhu zviri muchadenga chinokwezva chimwe nechimwe chine simba rinoenderana zvakananga nechibereko chehukuru hwacho uye rinoenderana nechikamu chedaro riri pakati penzvimbo dzacho.
Chimwe chinhu chinonakidza chinoshandiswa nemasimba egiravhiti kufamba kwezviratidziro, uko zvinhu zvinokandwa mumhepo uye zvichitevera nzira yakakombama nekuda kwekukanganiswa negiravhiti. Zvinhu zvikuru zvinosanganisira kunzwisisa kuzvimiririra kwekufamba kwakatwasuka uye kwakatwasuka, kuverenga kukwirira kwakanyanya, nzvimbo, uye nguva yekubhururuka.
Simba, Basa, uye Simba
Kunzwisisa pfungwa dzesimba, basa, uye simba kwakakosha pakunzwisisa kuti maitiro emuviri anoitika sei:
– Basa: Rinotsanangurwa sekufambisa simba kuburikidza nekufamba (W = Fd), uko simba rinoshandiswa kure. Rinobatsira vadzidzi kunzwisisa kuti simba rinofambiswa sei muhurongwa hwemakanika.
– Kinetic uye Potential Energy: Kinetic energy ine chekuita nekufamba kwezvinhu (KE = 1/2 mv²), nepo potential energy ichibatanidzwa nenzvimbo yechinhu mukati mesimba remagetsi (gravitational potential energy, semuenzaniso, iPE = mgh). Nheyo yekuchengetedza simba—simba harigone kugadzirwa kana kuparadzwa, rinongoshandurwa chete—rinoshanda sechishandiso chine simba mukuongorora masisitimu emuviri.
– Simba: Rinoyera mwero webasa rinoitwa kana simba rinotamiswa (P = W/t). Pfungwa iyi inokosha pakuongorora mashandiro emichina nemainjini.
Mafungu neOptics
Mafungu zvinhu zvinokanganisa zvinofambisa simba munzvimbo nenguva. Vadzidzi vanoongorora mhando dzakasiyana dzemafungu (emakanika, akadai semafungu eruzha, uye emagetsi, akadai semafungu echiedza) uye hunhu hwawo:
– Hunhu hwemafungu: Hunhu hwakakosha hunosanganisira kureba kwewavelength, frequency, amplitude, uye speed. Muenzaniso wemafungu (v = fλ) unobatanidza hunhu uhwu.
– Kufungisisa uye Kudzikisa: Vadzidzi vanodzidza kuti mafungu anobatana sei nemiganhu, kusanganisira mitemo inodzora kufungisisa (angle of incidence yakaenzana neangle of reflection) uye refraction (kuchinja kwenzira kana mafungu achifamba kubva kune imwe medium kuenda kune imwe, inotongwa neSnell's Law).
Optics, kudzidza maitiro echiedza, kunowanzo sanganisira kunzwisisa magirazi nemagirazi. Vadzidzi vanodzidza kushandisa madhayagiramu emwaranzi kuti vaone kuumbwa kwemufananidzo uye hunhu hwawo (chaiwo kana kuti chechokwadi, chakakura kana chakaderedzwa).
Magetsi neMagnetism
Magetsi nemagnetism, zvinozivikanwa pamwe chete se electromagnetism, zvinoumba chikamu chakakosha chedzidzo yefizikisi yegiredhi rechi10:
– Kuchaja Kwemagetsi Nemagetsi: Vadzidzi vanoongorora hunhu hwechaja yemagetsi, kufamba kwechaja (magetsi), uye basa revanotungamira nevanochengetedza magetsi mukuita kuti kufamba uku kuve nyore kana kuti kudzikamise.
– Mutemo waOhm: Iyi nheyo huru (V = IR) ine chekuita nemagetsi (V), magetsi (I), uye kuramba (R), zvichibvumira vadzidzi kunzwisisa nekuongorora macircuit emagetsi ari nyore.
– Magnetic Fields uye Electromagnetism: Vadzidzi vanoongorora kuti magetsi emagetsi anogadzira sei masimba emagetsi (mutemo waAmpére) uye kuti kuchinja masimba emagetsi kunogona sei kukonzera magetsi emagetsi (mutemo waFaraday we electromagnetic induction).
mhedziso
Chidzidzo chefizikisi chegiredhi rechi10 chakagadzirirwa kuvaka kunzwisisa kwakasimba kwepfungwa huru dzinotsanangura mashandiro anoita nyika. Kuburikidza nekudzidza kufamba, masimba, simba, mafungu, uye electromagnetism, vadzidzi vanokudziridza kufunga kwakadzama uye hunyanzvi hwekugadzirisa matambudziko hunokosha pakuferefeta kwesainzi. Kunzwisisa misimboti iyi hakungogadziri vadzidzi chete kuti vadzidze zvakanyanya mufizikisi asiwo kunokurudzira kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwenyika yechisikigo nekushanda kwayo kwakaoma.
