Chidzidzo cheTidal Dynamics munzvimbo dzeTropical Coast dzeIndonesia
Indonesia inozivikanwa senyika yakakura kwazvo pasi rose ine mahombekombe marefu uye hunhu hwakasiyana-siyana hwemahombekombe—kubva kumakomba madiki uye mipata ine matope kusvika kuzvitsuwa zvekorari zvinosangana nemafungu egungwa. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, mafungu ndeimwe yenzira dzakakosha dzekuongorora gungwa nekuti anokanganisa zviitiko zvese munzvimbo dzegungwa: kuchengetedzeka kwengarava, nguva dzekusvika kwengarava, kuronga madziva ehove, mafungu emvura, uye kunyange kukuvadzwa nemafashamo emvura. Kudzidza mafungu emvura mumahombekombe eIndonesia etropical hakungoshandi sechidzidzo chesainzi chete asiwo sehwaro hwekuita sarudzo mukugadzirisa nzvimbo dzegungwa nenzira inochinjika uye inochengetedza gungwa.
Pfungwa huru dzemafungu emvura
Mafungu emvura (Tides) kuchinja-chinja kwegungwa nguva nenguva, zvichikonzerwa nemasimba ekukwevera Mwedzi neZuva uye kutenderera kweNyika. Kana nzvimbo dzeNyika, Mwedzi, neZuva dzakabatana (zvikamu zvitsva nemwedzi wakazara), mafungu emvura emuchirimo anoitika, ane huwandu hwakakura hwemafungu. Kusiyana neizvi, kana Mwedzi neZuva zvikaita kona yeanenge madhigirii makumi mapfumbamwe (chikamu chekutanga nechechitatu), mafungu emvura anoitika, ane huwandu hudiki hwemafungu emvura. Zvisinei, mamiriro ekunze akadai sechimiro chegungwa, kudzika kwemvura, nzira dzakamanikana, uye kukweshana kwepasi zvinogona kusimbisa kana kuderedza simba remafungu aya.
Munzvimbo dzinopisa dzakadai seIndonesia, mafungu emvura anosanganawo nezvimwe zvinhu zvemamiriro ekunze uye zvegungwa—semuenzaniso, mhepo dzemumvura, kumanikidzwa kwemhepo, mafungu, uye Indonesian Throughflow (Arlindo). Kudyidzana uku kwezvinhu zvakawanda kunowanzoita kuti mafungu emvura muIndonesia aratidze kusiyana kwakaoma kwenzvimbo, zvichida kuongororwa kwakanyatsorongwa, kunotungamirirwa nedata.
Mhando dzemafungu emvura muIndonesia
Kazhinji, mafungu emvura anorongwa sezuva nezuva, semidiurnal, uye akasanganiswa. Nzvimbo dzakawanda muIndonesia dzinoratidza mafungu akasanganiswa, zvichireva kuti mafungu emvura akawanda rimwe chete kana maviri uye mafungu mashoma rimwe chete kana maviri anoitika pazuva rimwe chete, nekukwirira kwakasiyana. Kusiyana uku kunowanzo konzerwa nezvikamu zvikuru zvemafungu, zvakaita seM2 (lunar semidiurnal), S2 (solar semidiurnal), K1, uye O1 (diurnal), pamwe nezvimwe zvikamu zvinokonzera kusarongeka kudiki.
Kumadokero kweIndonesia, kunyanya mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzayo dzakashama, kunowanzo ratidza simba rayo rakanyanya kuoneka semidiurnal. Panguva iyi, matunhu ekumabvazuva nemvura dzine zvitsuwa zvakaoma dzinowanzo ratidza maitiro akasiyana-siyana. Musiyano uyu unosimbisa pfungwa yekuti nhamba imwe chete yemvura haina kukwana kutsanangura Indonesia yese; mepu yenzvimbo uye mamodeli anobata misiyano yenzvimbo zvinodiwa.
Simba rechimiro chegungwa uye kushambidzika kwemvura
Chimiro chegungwa uye kudzika kwemvura ( kudzika kwegungwa ) zvinoita basa guru mukugadzira hunhu hwemvura inoyerera mugungwa. Makomba matete anogona kukonzera kurira kwemvura, zvichiwedzera kukura kwemvura inoyerera mugungwa. Matsime emvura ane nzizi huru anowedzera kuomarara kuburikidza nekubatana kwemvura inoyerera mugungwa uye kubuda kwemvura murwizi, zvichigadzira nzvimbo dzinosanganisa mvura dzinokanganisa munyu, matope, uye kufamba kwemvura inoyerera mugungwa. Munzvimbo dzine zvitsuwa zvidiki zvakawanda, mvura inoyerera mugungwa inogona kukurumidza kuburikidza nepakati pemakomba madiki pakati pezvitsuwa, ichigadzira mvura inoyerera mugungwa yemuno inokosha pakufambisa mvura inoyerera mugungwa uye kuchengetedzeka kwekufamba negungwa.
Pamhenderekedzo dzine matope, mafungu akasimba anogona kukonzera kudzoserwa kwejecha uye kuwedzera madhaka emvura, zvichikanganisa kugadzirwa kwekutanga uye hutano hwezvinhu zvakaita seminda yegungwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, pamhenderekedzo dzemakungwa egungwa, shanduko dzemvura dzinoita kuti mafungu asvike kunzvimbo dzakatsetseka dzegungwa, zvichikanganisa simba remafungu rinosvika kumahombekombe uye maitiro ekukura kwevhu.
Nzira dzekudzidza nezveTidal: kutarisa kusvika pakutevedzera
Zvidzidzo zvemazuva ano zvemafashamo zvinowanzobatanidza nzira nhatu: kucherechedza zvakananga, kuongorora kwakabatana, uye kuenzanisira nhamba.
1. Kutarisa zvakananga (kuyera mafungu uye sensor yekumanikidza)
Magauge emvura anoiswa pachiteshi chengarava, pamigero yemvura, kana pazviteshi zvegungwa kuti arambe achinyora huwandu hwemvura. Munzvimbo dziri kure, masensa ekumanikidza mvura pasi pegungwa inogona kuva imwe nzira. Ruzivo rwenguva refu runokosha nekuti runogona kubata shanduko dzemwaka, zviitiko zvakanyanya, uye mafambiro ari kukwira. gungwa.
2. Kuongorora Harmonic
Kubva munhevedzano yenguva yemvura, vaongorori vanopatsanura chiratidzo kuita zvikamu zve harmonic (zvakadai seM2, S2, K1, O1) kuti vawane amplitude uye phase yechikamu chimwe nechimwe. Ruzivo urwu rwakakosha pakufanotaura kwemvura, kuronga mashandiro echiteshi, uye kusimbiswa kwemuenzaniso.
3. Kuenzanisa kwenhamba kwehydrodynamics
Mamodheru akadai seROMS, Delft3D, MIKE, kana FVCOM anoshandiswa kutevedzera mafungu emvura nemafungu emvura pakugadzirisa nzvimbo. Kuenzanisa kunobvumira kudzidza nezvezviitiko, semuenzaniso, kukanganisa kwekudzorerwa kwevhu, kuvandudzwa kwechiteshi chengarava, kana shanduko dzemahombekombe pagungwa. maitiro azvino Njodzi yemafashamo nemafashamo. Muenzaniso wakanaka unoda bathymetry chaiyo, mamiriro emiganhu kubva kumamodeli epasi rose emafashamo, uye kusimbiswa uchishandisa ongororo dzemunda.
Kudyidzana kwemafungu emvura, madhaka, uye nharaunda
Mafungu emvura anosanganisa mvura negungwa. Kana mvura yakwira, mvura inoyerera ichipinda mumakomba nematsime emvura; kana yadzika, mvura inobuda, ichitakura zvinhu zvakasungirirwa. Nekufamba kwenguva, maitiro aya anosarudza nzvimbo yekudzika kwenzira dzekufambisa ngarava, kuumbwa kwema delta madiki, uye kukurwa kwematombo egungwa pane dzimwe nzvimbo. Munzvimbo zhinji dzezviteshi zveIndonesia, kudiwa kwekucherwa kwemvura nguva dzose kwakabatana zvikuru nemafambiro emvura inoyerera negungwa uye kutakurwa kwejecha.
Kune nharaunda dzemangrove nedzemadhaka , maitiro ekunyura kwemvura (nguva yekunyura kwemvura uye nguva yekunyura kwemvura) anonyanya kusarudza nzvimbo yemiti uye kubereka kwayo. Mafungu emvura anokanganisawo kupararira kwezvinovaka muviri mumvura dziri pamhenderekedzo yegungwa, izvo zvinozokanganisawo hove. Saka, zvidzidzo zvemafungu zvinofanirwa kunge zviri zvedzidzo dzakasiyana-siyana, zvichibatanidza fizikisi yegungwa nenharaunda yegungwa.
Mafungu emvura, mafashamo , uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze
Mafashamo emvura inonaya mugungwa ndeimwe yematambudziko makuru mumaguta emumahombekombe eIndonesia. Kunyange zvazvo mafungu emvura ari chiitiko chechisikigo, kukanganisa kwawo kunogona kuwedzerwa nekuderera kwenyika, kurasikirwa nezvipingamupinyi zvechisikigo zvakaita semangrove, uye kukwira kwemvura yegungwa . Mafungu emvura emuchirimo anowirirana nemamiriro ekunze chaiwo (semuenzaniso, mhepo dziri mumhenderekedzo yegungwa uye kumanikidzwa kwakaderera) anogona kuwedzera mafashamo. Nokudaro, kufungidzira mafungu emvura chete hakukwani nguva dzose; kufungidzira kwehuwandu hwemvura kunodiwa kunobatanidza mafungu, mafungu, mafungu, uye zvinhu zvine chekuita nemvura.
Panyaya yekuchinja mamiriro ekunze, ruzivo rwemafungu emvura runobatsira pakuronga kukwirira kwemvura, kuronga nzvimbo dzegungwa, kugadzira polder, uye nzira dzekunyevera nguva isati yasvika. Kugadzira mepu yenzvimbo dzine njodzi zvichibva pamamiriro ekunze akaipisisa uye fungidziro dzekukwira kwemvura pagungwa kuri kuramba kuchikosha.
Matambudziko ekutsvagisa mumahombekombe egungwa emuno muIndonesia
Zvidzidzo zvemafungu emvura muIndonesia zvinosangana nematambudziko akati wandei: kupararira kushoma kwenzvimbo dzemafungu emvura kwenguva refu, mhando yemvura inoyerera, uye mamiriro akaomarara emvura dzemugungwa. Uyezve, nzvimbo zhinji dzemahombekombe dziri kuchinja nekukurumidza nekuda kwekudzorerwa kwemvura, kucherwa kwemvura, uye kugadzirwa kwezvivakwa, zvichida kugadziriswa kwedata nemamodheru nguva nenguva. Kubatanidza manyuko edata akawanda—kutarisa kwenzvimbo, kuona kure, uye mamodheru epasi rose—ndicho chinhu chakakosha pakuwana mufananidzo chaiwo.
Penutup
Kushanduka kwemvura munzvimbo dzinopisa dzemugungwa dzeIndonesia kwakaoma uye kunopesvedzerwa zvakanyanya nekudyidzana kwemasimba emuchadenga nemamiriro ekunze akadai se bathymetry, landforms dzemugungwa, uye masisitimu ezvitsuwa. Zvidzidzo zvinosanganisa kucherechedza, harmonic analysis, uye numerical modeling zvinodiwa kuti zviburitse fungidziro dzakavimbika uye kunzwisisa mhedzisiro yemafungu pamvura, sediments, ecosystems, uye njodzi yemafashamo emvura. Nekuwedzera kwekumanikidzwa kwekukura kwemahombekombe uye kutyisidzira kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, tsvakiridzo yemafungu haisisiri chinhu chakakosha chedzidzo asi hwaro hwakakosha hwekuronga, kuderedza njodzi, uye kutonga kwemahombekombe kwakasimba muIndonesia.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kugadzirisa chinyorwa ichi kuti chive chedzidzo yepamusoro (nemashoko akanyorwa uye bhuku remabhuku), kana kuti nditungamirire nyaya yekudzidza nezvenzvimbo chaiyo (semuenzaniso, kuchamhembe kweJava, Makassar Strait, Jakarta Bay, kana mahombekombe ePapua).
