Kuongororwa kweThermocline Dynamics muEastern Indonesian Waters
Mvura dzekuEastern Indonesia dziri pakati penzvimbo dzakaoma dzegungwa pasi rose, zvese maererano nekuona kwegungwa uye mamiriro ekunze emunharaunda. Dunhu iri rinosanganisira Gungwa reBanda, Gungwa reSeram, Gungwa reHalmahera, Gungwa reArafura, uye mvura dzakakomberedza Maluku nePapua. Nzvimbo idzi dzakabatana nenzira dzakamanikana dziri pakati pezvitsuwa uye dzinosangana zvakananga nePacific neIndian Oceans. Chinhu chikuru chinodzora chimiro chekoramu yemvura uye maitiro egungwa munzvimbo iyi ithermocline, iyo transition layer uko tembiricha yemvura inodzikira nekukurumidza nekudzika. Kuongorora mafambiro ethermocline muEastern Indonesia kwakakosha nekuti kunokanganisa kutenderera kwemvura, kubereka kwehove, kugoverwa kwezvinovaka muviri, uye kusiyana kwemamiriro ekunze emunharaunda.
Tsanangudzo uye hunhu hwethermocline
Kazhinji, koramu yemvura yegungwa yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu zvikuru: (1) chikamu chakasanganiswa pamusoro chakafanana nekuda kwekuvhundutswa nemhepo uye kupisa kwezuva, (2) thermocline senzvimbo ine tembiricha yakapinza, uye (3) chikamu chakadzika chinotonhorera uye chakasimba. Munzvimbo dzinopisa dzakadai seEastern Indonesia, thermocline inowanzova isina kudzika kana ichienzaniswa nenzvimbo dzakakwirira, nekuti kupisa kwakasimba pamusoro kunogadzira kupatsanurwa. Kudzika kwethermocline kunosiyana, asi kazhinji kunobva pamakumi kusvika kumazana emamita, zvichienderana nemwaka, mafungu, uye maitiro emunharaunda.
Thermocline haisi "muganhu wekupisa" chete, asiwo muganho unoshanduka: inoshanda sechipingamupinyi pakutsinhana kwehukuru nesimba pakati pepamusoro negungwa rakadzika. Kana thermocline yasimba, kusanganisa kwakamira kunoderera, zvichiita kuti zviomere kuti zvinovaka muviri kubva pasi zvikwire. Kusiyana neizvi, kana thermocline ikaneta kana kukwira (kukwira), zvinovaka muviri zviri nyore kupinda munzvimbo ine mufaro uye zvinogona kuwedzera kubereka kwekutanga.
Mamiriro ekunze eEastern Indonesia
Kumabvazuva kweIndonesia ndiyo nzvimbo huru yedziva rinodziya remunzvimbo dzinopisa uye ndiyo nzira huru yeIndonesian Throughflow (ITF), mvura inoyerera kubva kuPacific kuenda kuIndian Ocean kuburikidza nemasango nepakati pezvitsuwa. ITF inopfuura nenzvimbo dzakadai seHalmahera–Seram–Banda Seas, yozobuda nepakati peOmbai Strait, Lombok Strait, neTimor Strait. Kufamba kwemvura idzi kunosangana ne topography yakaoma uye maitiro akasimba ekusanganisa, nokudaro ichichinja chimiro chekupisa uye munyu.
Munzvimbo zhinji (semuenzaniso, Gungwa reBanda rakadzika), kupatsanurwa kwenzvimbo kunogona kuvandudzwa zvakasimba, asi maitiro emvura nemafungu emukati anokonzerwa nemasill nemateru akakora zvinogona kugadzira kusanganisa kwakasimba. Kusanganiswa uku kwekupatsanurwa kwenzvimbo dzinopisa uye kusanganisa kwenzvimbo ndiko kunoita kuti thermocline muEastern Indonesia ive nekushanduka-shanduka.
Zvinhu zvikuru zvinokonzeresa thermocline dynamics
1) Kusiyana kwemwaka kwemwaka wemonsoon
Mafungu emhepo ekuAustralia neAsia anodzora maitiro emhepo, mvura inonaya, uye kupisa pamusoro pemvura. Munguva yemvura inonaya kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva (kazhinji muna Chikumi-Gunyana), mhepo inowanzooma uye yakasimba kumaodzanyemba kweIndonesia, zvichiwedzera kupwanyika kwemvura uye zvichisimbisa kutonhora kwemvura munzvimbo dzimwe. Panguva iyi, mhepo inonaya kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero (muna Zvita-Kurume) inounza mhepo inonyorovesa uye inochinja kupisa kwemvura uye kupatsanurwa kwenzvimbo.
Kukanganiswa kwethermocline kunogona kuitika nenzira mbiri: (a) shanduko mukusimba kwekukurunga pamusoro kunokanganisa kudzika kwechikamu chakasanganiswa, uye (b) shanduko mukumanikidzwa kwemhepo kunokonzera kusiyana kana kusangana kwemvura yepamusoro kuitira kuti thermocline ikwidzwe kana kudzikiswa. Mumvura yakamanikana uye yakaoma, mhedzisiro iyi inowanzo kuve yemunharaunda, asi ichiri kugadzira mapatani emwaka anoonekwa.
2) Kuyerera kwemvura muIndonesia (ITF) uye kufambiswa kwemvura yakawanda
ITF inotakura mvura inodziya yePacific ine hunhu hwakasiyana hwemunyu kuenda kumvura yekumabvazuva kweIndonesia. Kukwira uku kunogona kudzika kana kudzika kwethermocline zvichienderana nekuenzana kwekumanikidzwa, kumhanya kwemagetsi, uye mamiriro emvura inoyerera. Sezvo kutakurwa kweITF kuchisimba, pane mukana wekuwedzera kukwira kwemvura yethermocline kubva kuchamhembe, izvo zvinogona kuchinja kutsetseka kweisotherm uye ukobvu hwethermocline.
Pamusoro pezvo, kudyidzana kweITF nemabheseni akadzika akadai seBanda kunoita kuti kutenderera kwemvura munzvimbo iyoyo kuite uye kuumbwa kwemagetsi emuganho anokwanisa kushandura chimiro chethermocline chakatwasuka uye chakatwasuka.
3) Kusanganiswa kwemafungu emvura nemafungu emukati
Kumabvazuva kweIndonesia kunozivikanwa senzvimbo ine mvura yakawanda pasi rose. Matinji asina kudzika, mipata yakamanikana, uye mawere akadzika zvinokonzeresa kugadzirwa kwemafungu emukati anogona kupwanya nekusanganisa mvura yakatwasuka. Izvi zvinowanzoitika kutenderedza Ombai Strait, Gungwa reSeram, nedzimwe nzira dzakamanikana.
Kune thermocline, kusanganiswa kwemvura negungwa kune mhedzisiro miviri: (1) kunokora thermocline uye kunoderedza kupisa kwakanyanya mune dzimwe nzvimbo, uye (2) kunowedzera kuchinjana kwezvinovaka muviri kubva pasi kuenda kumusoro. Pachiyero chezuva nezuva kusvika pavhiki, mafungu emukati anogona kuita kuti thermocline "ifambe," ichikwira nekudzika makumi emamita, zvichikanganisa nzvimbo yekugara yebiota uye kududzirwa kwekutarisa kwekupisa.
4) Kusiyana-siyana kwegore negore (ENSO neIOD)
Chiitiko cheEl Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) uye Indian Ocean Dipole IOD inogona kuchinja mhepo dzemunzvimbo, mwero wegungwa, uye chimiro chekupisa muEastern Indonesia. Munguva yeEl Niño, dziva rinodziya rePacific rinowanzo chinja uye kumanikidzwa kwemhepo kunochinja, izvo zvinogona kuderedza kuwanikwa kwemvura inodziya kunzvimbo yeIndonesia uye kuchinja simba reITF. Kuchinja uku kunogona kukanganisa kudzika kwethermocline, kunyanya munzvimbo dzakabatana zvakananga nekumadokero kwePacific.
IOD inokanganisawo kuburikidza nekuchinja kwemamiriro ezvinhu kumabvazuva kweIndian Ocean , izvo zvinokanganisa kudzvanywa kwemvura uye pakupedzisira zvinochinja kubuda kweITF. Mumakore akati wandei, musanganiswa weENSO-IOD unogona kukonzera kusagadzikana kwakasimba kwethermocline, zvichikanganisa tembiricha yegungwa , mvura inonaya mumahombekombe, uye kubereka kwehove.
Mapatani enzvimbo: madhishi akadzika vs mvura isina kudzika
Kushanduka kweThermocline kuEastern Indonesia hakuna kufanana. Mumadziva akadzika seBanda Sea , thermocline inogona kukura zvakajeka asi inokonzerwa zvakanyanya nekusanganiswa kwemukati uye kutenderera kwemadziva. Panguva imwecheteyo, mumvura isina kudzika uye mumasherufu emakondinendi seArafura Sea, zvivakwa zvekupisa zvinosanganiswa zviri nyore nekuda kwekudzika kushoma uye kukanganiswa kwemvura, saka thermocline inogona kushaikwa kana kuve nemwaka.
Munzvimbo dziri pedyo nePacific inlet (dzakapoteredza Halmahera nekuchamhembe kwePapua), simba remvura yePacific rakasimba, saka kudzika kwethermocline uye hunhu hwe "thermocline water" zvinowanzo tevedzera kusiyana kwekumadokero kwePacific. Kumaodzanyemba nekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero (pedyo neTimor Sea neNusa Tenggara), simba reIndian Ocean uye maitiro ekukwira kwemvura mumwaka zvinogona kuoneka zvakanyanya.
Zvazvinoreva kune zvakatipoteredza uye hove
Iyo thermocline inoshanda se "mutongi" wekuwanikwa kwezvinovaka muviri. Kana iyo thermocline yakadzika zvakanyanya uye yakagadzikana, zvinovaka muviri zvinovharirwa pasi, zvichikonzera kudzikira kwekugadzirwa kwepamusoro, zvichikanganisa cheni yechikafu uye pakupedzisira hove dze pelagic. Kusiyana neizvi, kana iyo thermocline ikakwira kana kupera simba nekuda kwekukwira, kusanganiswa kwemvura, kana kusagadzikana kwemamiriro ekunze, zvinovaka muviri zvinokwira kunzvimbo yechiedza uye zvinokurudzira maruva e phytoplankton.
Kune hove dzinonzi pelagic dzakadai se tuna, thermocline inokanganisawo kupararira kwenzvimbo dzinogara mhuka, sezvo mhando dzakawanda dzichishandisa miganhu yekupisa kutsvaga kana kudzivirira mhuka dzinodya dzimwe mhuka. Kuchinja-chinja kwezuva nezuva kunokonzerwa nemafungu emukati kunogona kutochinja kudzika kwe "nyaradzo" yezvisikwa zvemumvura, izvo zvakakosha pakubata hove uye kududzirwa kwedata re acoustic.
Nzira yekuongorora simba reThermocline
Zvidzidzo zveThermocline muEastern Indonesia zvinowanzo sanganisa data rakawanda: ma profiles etembiricha-munyu kubva kuCTDs neArgo floats, kure sensing (SST uye sea level sezviratidzo zvedynamics), uye high-resolution numerical oceanographic models. Zvinoshandiswa pakuyera thermocline zvinosanganisira kudzika kweimwe isotherm (semuenzaniso, 20°C senzira iri pedyo munzvimbo dzinopisa), gradient yepamusoro yekupisa yakamira, uye ukobvu hwethermocline.
Ongororo dzemazuva ano dzinowanzo sanganisa nhamba dzemwaka nedzegore, pamwe nekuongorora kwakasimba kwakadai sebasa rekufamba kwakatwasuka, kusanganisa kwakatwasuka, uye kumanikidza mhepo. Nekuti mamiriro eEast Indonesia akaomarara, mamodheru ane resolution yakaoma anowanzo kundikana kubata kusanganiswa kwemvura nemafungu emukati; nekudaro, nzira dze high resolution uye kusimbiswa kwemunda zvakakosha.
Mhedziso
Kushanduka kweThermocline mumvura dzekuEastern Indonesia kunoumbwa nekusangana kwakasimba pakati pemvura inonaya mvura yakawanda, kuyerera kweIndonesia, kusanganiswa kwemafungu emvura nemafungu emukati, uye kusiyana kwemamiriro ekunze egore negore akadai seENSO neIOD. Kusarongeka kwenzvimbo kunoita kuti mhinduro dzethermocline dzisiyane zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana—kubva kumadziva akadzika ane mativi akasiyana-siyana anosangana nekusanganiswa kwakanyanya, kusvika kumvura isina kudzika, iri nyore kusanganiswa. Thermocline haisi chinhu chepanyama chete, asi chinhu chakakosha chinobatanidza kushanduka kwegungwa ne ecosystems, kugadzirwa kwekutanga, uye hove. Nokudaro, kutarisa kwenguva refu, kucherechedza kwepamusoro-soro, uye kugadzirwa kwemamodheru anokwanisa kumiririra maitiro emunharaunda inheyo dzakakosha dzekunzwisisa nekugadzirisa zviwanikwa zvegungwa zveEastern Indonesia nenzira inochengetedza.
