Kutarisa Tembiricha yeGungwa Uchishandisa Tekinoroji Yekuona Zviri Kure
Kupisa kweGungwa (SST) ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzinonyanya kukosha dzekuongorora gungwa nekuti ine basa rakananga mukudzora mamiriro ekunze, mamiriro ekunze, kubereka kwehove, uye kusimba kwenjodzi dzinoitika pasi pemvura. Kunyangwe shanduko diki muSST dzinogona kukanganisa kuumbwa kwemakore, maitiro emhepo, mafungu egungwa, uye kupararira kwezvisikwa zvemugungwa. Munguva yekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, kudiwa kwedata reSST rakarurama uye renguva refu kuri kuwedzera kukurumidzirwa. Imwe yenzira dzinoshanda kwazvo dzekutarisa SST yakapararira uye inoenderera mberi ndeyekushandisa tekinoroji yekuona kure yakavakirwa pasatellite.
Sei Kupisa Kwemvura Yegungwa Kwakakosha?
SST tembiricha yechikamu chepamusoro chegungwa chinosangana zvakananga nemhepo. SST kukosha kwakabatana zvakanyanya nekutsinhana kwekupisa nemweya wemvura pakati pegungwa nemhepo. Sezvo SST ichiwedzera, kupwa kwemvura kunowanzowedzera, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kuumbwa kwemakore anotenderera uye mvura inonaya zvakanyanya. Kusiyana neizvi, maSST akaderera anogona kudzivirira kuumbwa kwemakore emvura munzvimbo dzakati.
Pasi rose, kusiyana kweSST zviratidzo zvikuru zvemamiriro ekunze akadai seEl Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) neIndian Ocean Dipole (IOD). Semuenzaniso, ENSO inogona kuchinja maitiro ekunaya kwemvura muIndonesia: El Niño inowanzobatanidzwa nemwaka wemvura wakareba, nepo La Niña inowanzo kukonzera kunaya kwemvura yakawanda nemafashamo. Nokudaro, kutarisa SST ihwaro hwakakosha hwehurongwa hwekunyevera mamiriro ekunze nemamiriro ekunze nekukurumidza.
Muchikamu chegungwa nerekubata hove, SST inobatsira kuronga nzvimbo dzinogona kubatwa hove, kunyanya kana ikasanganiswa nedata rechlorophyll-a, current, uye sea level. Mhando zhinji dzehove dze pelagic dzinoungana mumvura, dzinowanzoonekwa nekupisa kwakanyanya. Kutarisa SST kwakakoshawo pakuongorora njodzi yekucheneswa kwekorari, kunokonzerwa nekusagadzikana kwenguva refu kwekupisa kwakanyanya.
Pfungwa yeKunzwa Kure Kwekuyera SST
Kunzwa kure inzira yekuwana ruzivo nezvezvinhu pasina kubata zvakananga, kazhinji kuburikidza nemasensa anobata mwaranzi yemagetsi. Kune SST, masensa esatellite anowanzo shandisa mhando mbiri dzema wavelength:
1. Thermal infrared (TIR)
Masensa eTIR anoyera mwaranzi inopisa inoburitswa pamusoro pegungwa. Nzira iyi yakakurumbira nekuti inogona kupa mhinduro yepamusoro uye ruzivo rwakadzama. Zvisinei, dambudziko rayo nderekuti inokanganiswa zvakanyanya nefukidzo yegore, sezvo makore achivhara masaini e infrared kubva pamusoro pegungwa.
2. Maikirowevu
Masensa e microwave anogona kupinda mumakore matete kusvika pakati nepakati, zvichibvumira SST kuona kana paine makore. Zvisinei, kugona kwavo kwenzvimbo kunowanzova kwakaoma kupfuura masensa e infrared uye vanonyanya kukanganiswa nepamusoro pevhu semvura inonaya zvakanyanya kana mhepo ine simba inochinja kuyerera kwemvura pamusoro pegungwa.
Muchokwadi, masateraiti haapime "tembiricha" zvakananga, asi anoyera kupenya, uko kunozoshandurwa kuita tembiricha kuburikidza nealgorithm inoongorora kuburitsa kwemvura pamusoro pegungwa, mamiriro ekunze, uye kuyera sensor. Tembiricha inozobuda inogona kuve tembiricha yeganda (tembiricha yeganda repamusoro-soro, rinoyerwa ne infrared) kana tembiricha yeganda/hukuru (iri pedyo nemamirimita mashoma kusvika masendimita, kazhinji inoyerwa nema microwave). Musiyano uyu unokosha pakushandisa data reSST pazvidzidzo zvakananga, zvakaita semamodheru emamiriro ekunze, ongororo yekupisa kwegungwa, kana kusimbiswa kwenzvimbo.
Masosi eData reSatellite reSST Monitoring
Masatellite akasiyana-siyana anopa data reSST rinogona kuwanikwa pakutsvaga nekushanda. Mimwe mienzaniso inowanzoshandiswa inosanganisira:
– MODIS (Terra/Aqua): inopa zvigadzirwa zveSST zve infrared zvine kufukidza kwepasi rose uye resolution yakanaka, asi zvinokanganiswa zvakanyanya nemakore.
– VIIRS (Suomi NPP/NOAA-20): inotsiva MODIS ine hunhu hwepamusoro hwe radiometric uye inoshanda zvakanaka pakutarisa zuva nezuva.
– Sentinel-3 (SLSTR): ine sensor yekupisa yakagadzirirwa kuyera tembiricha yepamusoro nemazvo.
– AVHRR (NOAA series): imwe yenhevedzano dzechinyakare dzeSST yenguva refu, dzakakosha pakudzidza nezvemamiriro ekunze.
– AMSR2 (GCOM-W) nedzimwe sensor dze microwave: zvinobatsira pakuderedza "nzvimbo dzisingaonekwe" nekuda kwemakore munzvimbo dzinopisa.
Pamusoro pezvigadzirwa zvega, masangano mazhinji anopa zvigadzirwa zvakasanganiswa (multi-sensor blending), zvakaita sekuongorora kweSST kwezuva nezuva kana kwevhiki kunosanganisa infrared, microwave, uye data re in situ. Izvi zvigadzirwa zvakasanganiswa zvakakosha pakuwedzera kufukidzwa kwedata, kuderedza ruzha, uye kuvandudza kururama.
Maitiro Ekugadzirisa Data reSST kubva kuSatellite
Kutarisa kweSST uchishandisa remote sensing kunowanzo pfuura nematanho anotevera:
1. Kuwanikwa kwedata
Ruzivo rwunowanikwa kubva kuma portals epamutemo (semuenzaniso NASA, NOAA, EUMETSAT, Copernicus) mumafomu akadai seNetCDF kana HDF.
2. Kugadziriswa kusati kwaitwa
Danho iri rinosanganisira kugadzirisa hunyanzvi hwemajiometri, kusarudza bhendi/nzira, kucheka nzvimbo yekudzidza, uye kutarisa mhando yedata uchishandisa mireza yemhando.
3. Kufukidza makore nekusagadzikana kwemhepo
Kune data re infrared, cloud masking idanho rakakosha. Ma algorithms ekuona gore anowanzo shandisa musanganiswa chaiwo wematanho nemiganhu.
4. Shandura kupenya kuita SST
Kushandisa mamwe maalgorithms (semuenzaniso split-window) anobatanidza nzira dzakawanda dze infrared kuderedza mhedzisiro yemhepo.
5. Kusimbiswa nedata re in situ
Data reBuoy, ARGO floats, kana kuyera kwengarava zvinoshandiswa kutarisa rusaruro uye kururama, uye kugadzirisa kana zvichidikanwa.
6. Kuongorora nzvimbo nenguva
Ruzivo runogona kuongororwa kuti ruone maitiro emwaka, mafambiro enguva refu, kusarongeka kweSST, kana zviitiko zvakanyanyisa zvakaita sekupisa kwegungwa.
Matambudziko muSST Monitoring
Pasinei nekushanda kwayo kukuru, kutarisa kweSST kunobva pakuona kure kune matambudziko akati wandei. Chekutanga, kufukidza makore munzvimbo dzinopisa dzakadai seIndonesia kunoita kuti pave nemikana yakawanda yedata re infrared. Chechipiri, kusiyana kwetsananguro dzekupisa (ganda vs. huwandu) kunogona kukonzera kusarura kana kusina kugadziriswa zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa pakuongorora. Chechitatu, mamiriro egungwa akadai semvura, mhepo, kana mafungu anogona kukanganisa kuverenga kwemasensa e microwave. Chechina, kusiyana kwenzvimbo nenguva pakati pemasensa kunoda matekiniki akasimba ekuverenga nhamba uye ekuenzanisa.
Uyezve, nzvimbo dziri kumahombekombe dzine matambudziko akasiyana nekuda kwesimba renyika, madhaka, uye kuchinja-chinja kwekupisa nekukurumidza uye kwakaoma. Mapikiseli esatellite anosanganisa zviratidzo zvenyika negungwa (mapikiseli akasanganiswa) anogona kutungamira mukukanganisa kwekufungidzira tembiricha pedyo nemahombekombe. Nokudaro, kusarudza chigadzirwa chakakodzera uye mhinduro kwakakosha muzvidzidzo zvemahombekombe.
Kushandiswa kweSST Monitoring muIndonesia
Senyika ine ruzivo rwechinyakare, Indonesia inonyanya kukoshesa ruzivo rweSST. Muchikamu chekubata hove, mamapu eSST ezuva nezuva anogona kubatsira vabati vehove nevakuru vehurumende kuona nzvimbo dzinogona kubatwa hove. Mukutarisira zvakatipoteredza, kusarongeka kwakanyanya kweSST kunogona kushandiswa kutarisa njodzi yekucheneswa kwekorari munzvimbo dzakadai seBali, Nusa Tenggara, kana Raja Ampat. Pakutarisira njodzi, kutarisa kweSST kwakakoshawo pakunzwisisa mamiriro ezvinhu anotsigira kuumbwa kwemadutu emuchadenga kana kunaya kwemvura kwakanyanya mumvura dzakapoteredza Indonesia.
Uyezve, SST inoita basa rakakosha mukudzidza nezvekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, kukwira kwemvura kumaodzanyemba kweJava–Nusa Tenggara, uye kudyidzana kuripo kwakadai seIndonesian Throughflow (ITF). Nekushandisa data resatellite renguva pfupi, vaongorori vanogona kuona kuti kukwira kwemvura kunoitika rini uye kupi, izvo zvinowanzoonekwa nekudzikira kweSST uye kuwedzera kwekugadzirwa kwemvura.
Penutup
Kutarisa tembiricha yegungwa uchishandisa tekinoroji yekuona kure kwave chinhu chakakosha mukutsvagisa kwemazuva ano kwegungwa uye masevhisi eruzivo rwegungwa. Nekupararira kwayo kwakakura, kugadziridzwa nekukurumidza, uye kuwanikwa muzvinyorwa zvenguva refu, data reSST resaiti rinogonesa ongororo dzakaoma kuita uchishandisa zviyero zvepanzvimbo chete. Kunyange hazvo matambudziko akadai sekukanganiswa kwemakore, kusiyana kwetembiricha, uye miganho yekugadzirisa munzvimbo dzegungwa zvichiripo, kufambira mberi mumasensa, maalgorithms, uye zvigadzirwa zvakabatanidzwa kuri kuramba kuchivandudza mhando yeruzivo rweSST.
Kuenderera mberi, kubatanidzwa kwedata resatellite pamwe nekuyerwa kwemamiriro ekunze uye mamodheru emhepo yegungwa kuchawedzera kusimbisa kugona kwekufanotaura uye kunyevera kwekutanga. KuIndonesia, kushandiswa kweSST yakavakirwa pakuona kure hakuna kukosha chete pakutsvagisa asiwo kwakakosha pakuchengetedza chikafu chemugungwa, kuderedza njodzi, uye manejimendi ezviwanikwa zvemugungwa anoenderera mberi. Kana ikatarisirwa nemazvo, ruzivo rweSST runogona kuumba hwaro hwesarudzo dzine ruzivo rwakadzama mukugadzirisa matambudziko emamiriro ekunze akaomarara uye mafambiro egungwa.
