Mhepo: Giredhi 12 Zvinyorwa zveJogirafi
Mhepo ine magasi akakomberedza pasi rose, zvichiita basa guru mukuchengetedza kuenzana kwemamiriro ekunze uye kuchengetedza hupenyu. MuGiredhi 12 Geography, kunzwisisa kwakakwana kwemhepo kwakakosha. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora maumbirwo, chimiro, mashandiro, uye zviitiko zvinoitika mumhepo, pamwe nekukosha kwekuchengetedza kuti hupenyu hurambe huripo panyika.
Kuumbwa kwemhepo
Mhepo yepasi inoumbwa nemagasi akasiyana-siyana anoita basa rakasiyana mukutsigira hupenyu. Muumbirwo wayo mukuru initrogen (78%), okisijeni (21%), uye argon (0,93%). Mamwe magasi, akadai secarbon dioxide (0,04%), neon, helium, methane, krypton, uye hydrogen, aripowo muhuwandu hushoma. Pasinei nehuwandu hwawo hushoma, magasi madiki akadai secarbon dioxide (CO2) nemethane (CH4) anoita basa guru mumhedzisiro yegreenhouse uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze.
Zvidimbu zveKumiswa
Mumhepo munewo zvidimbu zvidiki zvinozivikanwa semaaerosols, zvinosanganisira guruva, dota rekuputika kwemakomo, munyu wegungwa, zvinosvibisa, uye zvidimbu zvehupenyu zvakaita sespores ne pollen. Zvikamu izvi zvinogona kukanganisa mashandiro emuviri mumhepo, zvakaita sekuumbwa kwemakore uye kutorwa kwemwaranzi.
Maumbirwo eAtmospheric Layers
Mhepo yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvichienderana nekuchinja kwekupisa. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chine hunhu hwacho uye chakakosha kune mamiriro ekunze.
1. Troposphere: Iyi ndiyo layer iri pedyo nepamusoro peNyika uye panoitika mamiriro ese ekunze. Troposphere inotambanuka kusvika pamakiromita angangoita 8-15 pamusoro penyika. Tembiricha inoderera nekukwirira kwayo kusvika yasvika pa tropopause, muganho wepamusoro we troposphere.
2. Stratosphere: Rutivi urwu runotangira kubva kutropopause kusvika pamakiromita angangoita makumi mashanu pamusoro penyika. Tembiricha inowedzera nekukwirira nekuda kwe ozone layer, iyo inotora mwaranzi ye ultraviolet kubva kuzuva. Stratosphere inokoshawo senzira yekubhururuka kwendege dzejeti nekuda kwekugadzikana kwayo mumhepo.
3. Mesosphere: Iri pamusoro pestratosphere, mesosphere inotangira pamakiromita angangoita makumi mashanu kusvika pamakiromita makumi masere nemashanu. Tembiricha inodzikira zvakare nekukwirira, zvichiita kuti ive layer inotonhora zvikuru yemhepo. Zviitiko zvakaita sekupiswa kwemeteoroid zvinoitika mumesosphere.
4. Thermosphere: Iri pakati pemakiromita 85 ne600, thermosphere inowana kuwedzera kukuru kwekupisa nekuda kwekutorwa kwemwaranzi yezuva. Chiitiko che aurora chinoitika muchikamu ichi nekuda kwekubatana kwezvikamu zvine chaji nesimba remagineti rePasi.
5. Exosphere: Iyi ndiyo layer yekunze, uko mhepo inotanga kusangana nenzvimbo yekunze. Mhepo yacho yakatetepa uye zvidimbu zvegasi hazviwanzoitiki, saka exosphere inowanzoonekwa sekuchinjana pakati pemhepo yepasi nenzvimbo.
Mabasa eAtmosphere
Mhepo inotenderera inoshanda semudziviriri uye inotsigira hupenyu panyika . Mabasa makuru anosanganisira:
Dziviriro kubva kuMwaranzi Inokuvadza
Ozone layer iri mu stratosphere inoshanda sechidziviriro chinotora mwaranzi yakawanda ye ultraviolet (UV) kubva kuzuva, iyo inogona kukonzera kenza yeganda nekukuvara kwemaziso, pamwe nekukuvadza nharaunda.
Kudzora Tembiricha
Mhepo inofukidza kupisa kubva kuzuva kuburikidza nenzira inozivikanwa se greenhouse effect, iyo inochengetedza tembiricha yePasi yakagadzikana uye inotsigira hupenyu. Dai pasina mhepo, tembiricha yePasi yaizosiyana zvikuru pakati pemasikati neusiku.
Kupa Okisijeni
Mhepo inobudisa okisijeni, iyo inokosha pakufema kwezvinhu zvipenyu. Pasina okisijeni, hupenyu hwaisazovapo sezvatinoziva.
Mamiriro Ekunze uye Mamiriro Ekunze
Mhepo inotonga mamiriro ekunze uye mamiriro ekunze anokanganisa hupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva. Mvura, sinou, mhepo, nezvimwe zviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvemamiriro ekunze zvinoitika nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.
Zviitiko zvemumhepo
Zvimwe zviitiko zvinonakidza zvinoitika mumhepo zvinosanganisira:
Mvura neSinou
Kuumbwa kwemvura mumhepo kunoumba makore. Kana mvura kana madonhwe echando mugore akakura zvakakwana, simba rinokwevera pasi rinoadhonza semvura kana sinou.
Badai
Kuchinja kwekumanikidzwa uye tembiricha kunogona kukonzera madutu anounza mhepo ine simba, mvura yakawanda uye tara kubva mugungwa kusvika panyika.
Muraravungu
Muraraungu unoitika kana chiedza chezuva chadzoserwa shure uye chichionekwa mumadonhwe emvura, zvichigadzira mavara akasiyana-siyana.
Aurora
MaAurora Borealis (kuNorth Pole) neAurora Australis (kuSouth Pole) mwenje wakanaka mudenga rehusiku, unokonzerwa nezvimedu zvine simba zvinobva kuzuva zvinosangana nemamorekuru ari mumhepo yakakwirira.
Mhedzisiro yeMabasa Evanhu
Zvinosuwisa kuti mabasa evanhu akakonzera shanduko huru pakuumbwa uye mashandiro emhepo. Kusvibiswa kwemhepo kubva mumotokari, mafekitori, uye kupiswa kwemafuta epasi rose zvinoburitsa magasi akadai seCO2, methane, uye nitrous oxide, izvo zvinobatsira mukupisa kwepasi rose. Izvi zvinokurumidzisa kudziya kwepasi rose nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, izvo zvinogona kutungamira kunjodzi dzechisikigo , kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza, uye matambudziko ehutano hwevanhu.
Kuedza Kuchengetedza Mhepo
Zvakakosha kutora matanho ekuchengetedza mamiriro ekunze nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana:
1. Kuderedza Kuburitswa Kwemhepo Inopisa: Izvi zvinogona kuitwa nekushandisa simba rinogona kushandiswazve sezuva, mhepo, nemvura, pamwe nekuwedzera kushandiswa kwesimba zvakanaka.
2. Kudyara miti patsva: Kudyara miti kunobatsira kunwisa CO2 kubva mumhepo, zvichideredza simba rekupisa kwepasi.
3. Mutemo weKusvibisa Mhepo: Hurumende nemasangano epasi rose vanofanirwa kusimbisa mitemo yakasimba yekudzora kusvibiswa kwemhepo kubva mumaindasitiri nemotokari.
4. Kuzivisa neKudzidzisa: Kuzivisa veruzhinji nezvekukosha kwemhepo uye kudzidzisa vechidiki nezvekuchengetedza kwayo kwakakosha kuti pave neramangwana rinogara kwenguva refu.
Mhedziso
Mhepo inotonhorera ndeimwe yezvinhu zvikuru zvinoita kuti hupenyu huvepo panyika. Nekunzwisisa maumbirwo ayo, chimiro chayo, mashandiro ayo, uye zviitiko zvayo, pamwe nemigumisiro yemabasa evanhu, tinogona kutora matanho ekuchengetedza. Dzidzo yejogirafi mugiredhi rechi12 inoita basa rakakosha mukurodza ruzivo urwu neruzivo, kuitira kuti zvizvarwa zvinotevera zvigogadzirira zviri nani kuchengetedza kuenzana kwemamiriro ekunze uye kugara kwenguva refu kwehupenyu panyika ino.
