Maturikirwo emhepo yepasi uye mabasa ayo
Mhepo ine magasi akakomberedza Nyika uye inoita basa guru mukutsigira hupenyu nekudzivirira pasi redu kubva kunjodzi dzakawanda dzemuchadenga. Mhepo ine maturikirwo akati wandei, rimwe nerimwe rine hunhu hwakasiyana uye mabasa aro chaiwo. Muchinyorwa chino, tichakurukura maturikirwo emhepo yePasi nemabasa awo zvakadzama.
1. Troposphere
Troposphere ndiyo nzvimbo yakaderera zvikuru yemhepo yepasi rose, inotangira pamusoro penyika kusvika pamakiromita angangoita 8-15. Ukobvu hwayo hunosiyana zvichienderana nenzvimbo, huchitetepa pamativi uye hwakakora paequator.
Hunhu:
– Ine inenge 75% yehuremu hwese hwemhepo.
– Tembiricha inoderera kana kukwirira kuri kuwedzera padanho re -6,5°C pakiromita imwe neimwe.
- Apa ndipo panowanikwa mamiriro ekunze akawanda akadai semvura, mhepo nemadutu.
– Kune ozone layer pamusoro (troposhe-ozone) iyo inoita basa diki mukusefa mwaranzi yeUV.
Basa:
– Inopa mweya wekufema. Troposphere ine mhando dzakasiyana dzemagasi akadai senitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), uye mamwe magasi muhuwandu hushoma.
- Nzvimbo dzinoitika mamiriro ekunze nemamiriro ekunze.
- Inoita basa guru mukutenderera kwemhepo iyo inobatsira kuparadzira kupisa pasi rose.
2. Stratosphere
Stratosphere iri pamusoro petroposphere, inotangira pamakiromita angangoita gumi nemashanu kusvika makumi mashanu kubva pamusoro penyika.
Hunhu:
– Tembiricha inowedzera nekukwirira kwechikamu ichi, kusiyana ne troposphere.
– Ine ozone layer inokosha zvikuru, iri panzvimbo yakakwirira yemakiromita angangoita 20-30 kubva pamusoro penyika.
– Mhepo iri muchikamu ichi yakatetepa kupfuura troposphere.
Basa:
– Inosefa mwaranzi ye ultraviolet (UV) inobva kuzuva. Pasina ozone layer, huwandu hwemwaranzi ye UV inosvika pamusoro penyika hwaizova hwakanyanya, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kuwanda kwezvirwere zvegomarara reganda uye kukuvara kwezvirimwa nemhuka.
- Inopa nzvimbo yakagadzikana yendege dzekutengeserana sezvo kusagadzikana kushoma kunoitika muchikamu ichi.
– Ine ozone yakawanda yemumhepo inodzivirira hupenyu panyika kubva kumwaranzi inokuvadza.
3. Mesosphere
Mesosphere iri pamusoro pe stratosphere uye inotangira pamakiromita angangoita makumi mashanu kusvika makumi masere nemashanu kubva pamusoro penyika.
Hunhu:
– Tembiricha inodzikira zvakanyanya kana kukwirira kwacho kuchisvika pa-90°C.
– Inotetepa kana kukwirira kwayo kuchiwedzera, asi ichiri gobvu zvakakwana kuparadza nyeredzi diki dzinopinda mumhepo.
Basa:
– Inodzivirira Pasi kubva kumameteor. Mameteor mazhinji anopinda mumhepo anotsva mumesosphere, zvichigadzira chiitiko chinozivikanwa se "nyeredzi dzinopfura."
- Inobatsira pakugadzira makore e noctilucent anoonekwa husiku pamatanho akasiyana e mesosphere.
4. Thermosphere
Thermosphere inotangira pamakiromita angangoita 85 kusvika 600 kubva pamusoro penyika. Ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo dzinopisa zvikuru mumhepo nekuti inotora maX-ray nemwaranzi ye ultraviolet kubva kuzuva.
Hunhu:
– Tembiricha inogona kukwira kusvika 2.500°C kana kupfuura.
– Gasi riri muchikamu ichi rinova risingawanikwe zvakanyanya uye maatomu akaita ion anowanzo sangana, izvo zvinoita kuti pave nezviitiko zvakaita seAurora.
– Thermosphere ine chikamu chikuru che ionosphere, chikamu chemhepo chinoratidzwa ne ionization.
Basa:
– Ine ionosphere inoratidza mafungu eredhiyo kuPasi, zvichiita kuti kutaurirana kuve kure.
– Inononotsa kumhanya kwemasatellite epasi nekuti hapana mhepo yakawanda inogona kukonzera kudhonzwa kwesatellite.
5. Kuonekwa Kunze
Exosphere ndiyo nzvimbo iri kunze kwepasi, inotangira pamakiromita angangoita 600 kusvika makiromita 10.000 kana kupfuura pamusoro penyika kusvika yabatana nenzvimbo.
Hunhu:
– Hazviwanzoitiki, zvidimbu zvegasi zvakaita sehydrogen nehelium zviri kure zvakanyanya.
- Hapana muganhu wakajeka pakati pe exosphere nenzvimbo yekunze.
– Zvidimbu zvegasi zviri muchikamu ichi zvinogona kufamba mazana emakiromita zvisati zvasangana nezvimwe zvidimbu.
Basa:
– Inoshanda semuganhu pakati pemhepo yepasi nenzvimbo.
– Inova nzvimbo inoshanduka-shanduka uko zvidimbu zvinogona kutiza simba repasi zvichipinda muchadenga.
Kukosha kweMhepo Yakapoteredza Nyika
Mhepo yakapoteredza pasi haingopi chete mamiriro ezvinhu anobatsira hupenyu nekupa okisijeni yekufema, asiwo inodzivirira hupenyu kubva kumwaranzi yezuva inokuvadza, inobatsira kudzora tembiricha yePasi, uye inobatsira kutaurirana kuburikidza nekuratidzwa kwemafungu eredhiyo. Pasina mhepo, Pasi ringadai riri nyika isingagariki seMars kana Mwedzi.
Basa reMhepo Muhupenyu:
1. Dziviriro kubva kuMeteorites: Matanda emuchadenga anotidzivirira kubva kumeteorites anouya. Mazhinji emeteorites anotsva mumesosphere.
2. Kuenzana Kwemamiriro Ekunze Nemamiriro Ekunze: Troposphere ndipo panowanikwa mamiriro ekunze ese uye apo mamiriro ekunze anoita basa rawo mukugovera kupisa uye kuchengetedza kuenzana kwekupisa kwepasi rose.
3. Kusefa Radiation yezuva: Ozone layer inonyanya kukosha pakusefa mwaranzi yeUV inokuvadza kubva kuzuva.
4. Inotsigira Maitiro Ekufema: Mhepo inopa okisijeni iyo inokosha pakufema kwezvinhu zvipenyu zvose.
Matambudziko uye Zvinotyisidzira Mhepo
Mhepo yakapoteredza pasi, kunyange zvazvo ichikwanisa kuramba ichirarama, inogonawo kukanganiswa nekuchinja-chinja nekukanganiswa kunokonzerwa nemabasa evanhu. Kusvibiswa kwemhepo, kuburitswa kwemagasi anodziya pasi, kuparadzwa kwemasango, uye kupera kweozone ndezvimwe zvezvinhu zvikuru zviri kutyisidzira hutano hwemhepo yedu.
1. Kupera kweOzone: Kushandiswa kwemakemikari akadai seCFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) kwakakonzera kupera kwe ozone layer, izvo zvinowedzera njodzi yekusvibiswa neUV inokuvadza.
2. Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Ekunze: Magasi anoburitsa mhepo inopisa, akadai secarbon dioxide nemethane, anobatsira mukudziya kwepasi rose nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, zvichichinja maitiro emamiriro ekunze uye zvichikanganisa nharaunda.
3. Kusvibiswa Kwemhepo: Mafekitori, mota, uye mafekitori emagetsi zvinoburitsa tsvina mumhepo, izvo zvinogona kukonzera matambudziko makuru ehutano uye kuderedza kunaka kwemhepo.
Mhedziso
Mhepo yepasi ine zvikamu zvishanu zvikuru: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, uye exosphere. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chine hunhu hwakasiyana uye mabasa anoenderana kugadzira nharaunda inotsigira hupenyu paNyika. Kuchengetedza nekuchengetedza kuenzana kwemhepo kwakakosha kuti tive nechokwadi chekuti hupenyu huri kuenderera mberi pasi redu. Kunzwisisa basa nekukosha kwechikamu chimwe nechimwe chemhepo kuchatibatsira kukoshesa nekuita zviito zvinogona kuchengetedza hutano hwemhepo yepasi.
