Maitirwo Emhepo Dzemvura Dzinonaya
Monsoon (kana kuti monsoon) ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzine simba guru mumhepo munzvimbo dzinopisa, kunyanya kuSouth Asia, Southeast Asia, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeAustralia. MuIndonesia, monsoon inozivikanwa zvikuru nebasa rayo mukuumba mwaka miviri mikuru: mwaka wemvura nemwaka wekusanaya kwemvura. Zvisinei, vanhu vazhinji vanongoziva monsoon se "mhepo inounza mvura" kana "mhepo inokonzera kusanaya kwemvura," vasinganyatsonzwisisi kuti inoumbwa sei. Kutaura zvazviri, monsoon inoumbwa kuburikidza nekudyidzana kwakaoma pakati pekupisa kwezuva, mutsauko wekumanikidzwa kwemhepo, kufamba kwemhepo, uye pesvedzero yegungwa nenyika. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura zvakadzama kuti monsoon inoumbwa sei uye nei kukanganisa kwayo kuchikosha kudaro.
Tsananguro yemhepo dzemumvura
Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, monsoon imhepo yemwaka ine gwara rinoshanduka mwedzi mitanhatu yega yega (kana kazhinji mushure mekuchinja kwemwaka). Kusiyana nemhepo dzekutengeserana, dzinowanzo gadzikana mukati megore, monsoons dzinogara dzichiitika nguva nenguva: panguva imwe chete dzinovhuvhuta dzichienda kune imwe nzvimbo inotonga, uye panguva imwe chete dzinodzokera shure zvakanyanya. Kuchinja uku munzira hakusi kwekusarongeka, asi kunomiririra mhinduro yemhepo kune shanduko mukupararira kwekupisa pakati penyika negungwa.
Mamonsoon anowanzobatanidzwawo nekunaya kwemvura nekuti kana mhepo inotakura mhepo yakanyorova kubva kugungwa ichienda kunyika, makore anotenderera anoumbwa uye mvura yakawanda inonaya. Kusiyana neizvi, kana mhepo inotakura mhepo yakaoma kubva kunyika ichienda kugungwa, nzvimbo zhinji dzinosangana nekusanaya kwemvura.
Pfungwa huru: musiyano mukudziya kwenyika negungwa
Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha pakuumbwa kwemvura yemudenga mutsauko uripo pakati penyika negungwa pakugamuchira nekuchengetedza kupisa.
1. Nyika inopisa uye inotonhora nekukurumidza. Nyika ine simba shoma rekupisa kupfuura mvura. Nekuda kweizvozvo, painogamuchira mwaranzi yezuva, nyika inokurumidza kupisa; uye kana mwaranzi yadzikira, nyika inokurumidza kutonhora.
2. Makungwa anopisa zvishoma nezvishoma uye anotonhorera zvishoma nezvishoma. Mvura inochengetedza kupisa zvinobudirira uye inosangana nekusanganiswa kwakamira, saka tembiricha yayo inochinja zvishoma nezvishoma.
Musiyano uyu unogadzira musiyano mukuru wekupisa kwemwaka pakati pemakondinendi nemakungwa. Musiyano uyu wekupisa unobva wagadzira musiyano mukumanikidzwa kwemhepo, uye musiyano uyu wekumanikidzwa unozova "injini" inotyaira mhepo.
Kubva pakupisa kusvika pakumanikidzwa: sei mhepo ichifamba?
Mhepo inodziya inowanzowedzera, huremu hwayo hunova "hwakareruka" pahuwandu hweyuniti, saka kumanikidzwa kwemhepo pamusoro pechinhu kwakaderera. Kusiyana neizvi, mhepo inotonhorera yakanyanya kusimba, saka kumanikidzwa kwemhepo pamusoro pechinhu kwakakwira. Mhepo chaizvoizvo kufamba kwemhepo kubva kunzvimbo dzine kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kuenda kunzvimbo dzine kumanikidzwa kwakaderera.
Saka, kana kondinendi ikanyanya kupisa kwenguva yakati, inowanzova nzvimbo ine simba shoma uye "inokwevera" mhepo kubva munzvimbo yakapoteredza. Kondinendi painotonhora, inova nzvimbo ine simba guru uye "inosunda" mhepo kunze.
Basa rekuchinja kwezuva uye ITCZ
Kuumbwa kwemvura ine simba kune chekuitawo nekuchinja kwezuva pagore: nzvimbo yekupisa kwakanyanya inochinja zvichienderana nekufamba kwezuva kuenda kumatunhu ekuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba kwegore rose. Kuchinja uku kwekupisa kunokanganisa nzvimbo yeITCZ (Intertropical Convergence Zone), nzvimbo yekubatana kwemhepo munzvimbo dzinopisa inokonzera kuumbwa kwemakore nemvura.
Sezvo ITCZ ichichinja kuchamhembe (pakati pegore), kuchamhembe kwenyika inodziya kunowedzera kudziya uye kushanda zvakanyanya. Sezvo ITCZ ichichinja kuchamhembe (pakati pegore kusvika pakutanga kwegore), mamiriro ekunze anofamba zvakanyanya anochinja zvinoenderana.
ITCZ inoshanda se "bhandi" uko mhepo inokwira inofamba nekuda kwekupisa kwakanyanya. Mhepo iyi inokwira inogadzira nzvimbo yakakura ine kumanikidzwa kwakaderera, izvo zvinobatsira kudzora kutungamira uye simba remhepo yemonsoon.
Maitiro ekuumbwa kwemonsoon: nhanho nhanho
Kuti zvive nyore kunzwisisa, heino kuyerera kwakajairika kwekuumbwa kwemhepo dzemumvura:
1. Zuva rinopisa Nyika zvisina kuenzana mugore rose nekuda kwekurereka kwerutivi rwenyika uye chimiro chepamusoro (gungwa repanyika).
2. Nyika inopisa/inotonhora zvakanyanya kupfuura gungwa.
3. Kusiyana kwekupisa uku kunokonzera kusiyana kwemwaka mukumanikidzwa kwemhepo: nyika inogona kuva nzvimbo ine kumanikidzwa kwakaderera kana kuchipisa kana kuti nzvimbo ine kumanikidzwa kwakakwira kana kuchitonhora.
4. Mhepo inofamba kubva pakumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kuenda pakumanikidzwa kwakaderera, zvichiita kuti mhepo ifambe zvakanaka.
5. Kufamba kwemhepo nepakati peequator kuchakanganiswa nesimba reCoriolis (nekuda kwekutenderera kweNyika), zvekuti maitiro emhepo haana kunyatsotwasuka.
6. Mhepo painopfuura nepamusoro pegungwa rinodziya, inotora mhute yemvura, zvichiita kuti ive neunyoro. Painosvika panyika yomanikidzwa kukwira (nekupisa kana makomo), mhute yemvura inoungana kuita makore nemvura.
7. Maitiro aya anogara kwemwedzi yakati wandei, obva apera simba uye odzokera shure sezvo kupararira kwekupisa kwepasi rose kuchichinja.
Mhepo dzemvura zhinji muIndonesia: mhepo dzekumadokero nemhepo dzekumadokero
Indonesia ine mamiriro akasiyana emvura inonaya nekuda kwenzvimbo yayo iri pakati pemakondinendi maviri (Asia neAustralia) nemakungwa maviri (Indian nePacific). Kazhinji, kune zvikamu zvikuru zviviri:
1. Madokero emvura (kazhinji muna Gumiguru-Kurume): anoreva mwaka wemvura
Munguva iyi, kondinendi yeAsia inosangana nechando, zvichiita kuti kutonhora kuwedzere uye kuwedzere kumanikidzwa, nepo Australia inowanzova inodziya uye iine kumanikidzwa kwakaderera (kunyanya kuchamhembe kweAustralia). Mhepo dzinobva kuAsia dzichienda kuAustralia, dzichipfuura nemuIndonesia.
Painopfuura nepamusoro pemvura yakakura yakaita seIndian Ocean, South China Sea, uye Indonesian archipelago, mhepo inotakura mhute yakawanda yemvura. Kana mhepo iyi yakanyorova ikasvika munzvimbo dzinodziya dzeIndonesia, pamwe chete nemigumisiro yemakomo nekupisa kwemasikati, inoumba mvura, kazhinji yakawanda. Ndokusaka nzvimbo zhinji dzeIndonesia dzichiwana mvura yakawanda panguva yemvura inonaya kumadokero.
2. Matsutso ekuMabvazuva (kazhinji muna Kubvumbi-Gunyana): zvakafanana nemwaka wekusanaya kwemvura
Munguva iyi, Australia inosangana nechando, zvichiita kuti pave nenzvimbo ine kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya, nepo Asia ichidziya uye inowanzova ne kumanikidzwa kwakaderera. Mhepo dzinobva kuAustralia dzichienda kuAsia, dzichipfuura nemuIndonesia.
Nekuti mhepo inobva kunyika yakaoma yeAustralia (nzvimbo dzakawanda dzerenje nedzisina mvura yakawanda), ine utsi hushoma hwemvura. Nekuda kweizvozvo, nzvimbo zhinji dzeIndonesia—kunyanya nzvimbo dzekumaodzanyemba kwe equator, dzakadai seJava, Bali, neNusa Tenggara—dzinowana mwaka wekusanaya kwemvura kana kuti mvura shoma.
Zvisinei, haasi matunhu ese muIndonesia anosangana nekusanaya kwemvura kwakafanana. Matunhu akaita seMaluku nePapua ane maitiro ekunaya kwemvura anonyanya kukanganiswa nekutenderera kwemvura munzvimbo iyoyo uye mamiriro egungwa, saka mwaka unogona kuchinja.
Sei mvura zhinji ichigona kunaya zvakanyanya?
Mvura inonaya zvikuru inogona kukonzera mvura yakawanda nekuda kwezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda:
– Makungwa anodziya anowedzera kupwa kwemvura. Kana pamusoro pegungwa pakadziya, mhepo inogona kutakura mhute yakawanda yemvura.
– Kusangana kwemhepo. Mhepo painosangana (inosangana), mhepo inomanikidzwa kukwira yoita makore emvura.
– Kukanganiswa kwenzvimbo. Makomo anomanikidza mhepo kukwira (kusimudza makomo). Nzvimbo ine makomo muIndonesia zvinoreva kuti mvura inonaya zvikuru munzvimbo dzakati wandei.
– Kumwe kusagadzikana kwemhepo. Mafungu emhepo, madutu emuchadenga munharaunda iyi, kana chiitiko cheMadden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) zvinogona kuwedzera kunaya kwemvura kwemvura inonaya.
Mhedziso
Mamonsoon anoumbwa nekuchinja kwekupararira kwekupisa pakati penyika negungwa mugore rose. Kupisa nekutonhodza ivhu nekukurumidza kunokonzera shanduko dzemwaka pakati pekumanikidzwa kwemhepo, zvichiita kuti mhepo ichinje uye ichinje gwara nguva nenguva. Kuchinja kweITCZ, simba reCoriolis, uye mamiriro egungwa nemamiriro ekunze zvinosimbisa uye zvinochinja maitiro aya. MuIndonesia, monsoon yekumadokero inowanzounza mhepo yakanyorova uye inokonzera mwaka wemvura, nepo monsoon yekumabvazuva inowanzounza mhepo yakaoma, zvichikonzera mwaka wemvura. Kunzwisisa kuti monsoon inoumbwa sei kwakakosha kwete chete kune geography asiwo pakuronga kurima, kuderedza mafashamo nekusanaya kwemvura, uye kutarisira zviwanikwa zvemvura.
Kana muchida, ndinogonawo kuwedzera chati iri nyore, mienzaniso yezviitiko zvemonsoon munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeIndonesia, kana pfupiso pfupi yemapoinzi gumi ezvidzidzo.
