Kuchera Zvinhu Zvakaitika Kare Zvinokakavadzana: Nhoroondo Inoshamisa Pakati Pematambudziko Etsika
Zvekuchera matongo, dzidziso yakatsaurirwa kufukunura nhoroondo yevanhu kuburikidza nezvisaririra zvezvinhu, yakafadza vanofarira nenyanzvi kwemazana emakore. Zvisinei, hazvisi zvese zvekuchera zvinorumbidzwa nekuda kwekubatsira kwavo paruzivo rwenhoroondo. Zvimwe zvakakonzera gakava uye zvakamutsa mibvunzo yetsika pamusoro pemabatirwo enhaka yetsika, kodzero dzevanhu veko, uye kukanganisa kwazvakaita munharaunda dzemunharaunda. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora zvimwe zvezvakamboitika zvekuchera matongo zvine gakava, chichiongorora kuoma nekusawirirana kuripo mukutsvaga kufukunura zvakamboitika kuvanhu.
Nzvimbo yeHobby Lobby neGreen Collection
Muna 2011, Hobby Lobby, mutengesi wezvemabasa emaoko wekuAmerica, yakakwezva vanhu vakawanda pavakaona kuti kambani iyi yakanga yatenga zvinhu zvekare zvakawanda kubva kuIraq, zvakawanda zvacho zvakazotorwa. Mhuri yeGreen, varidzi veHobby Lobby, vaida kuratidza zvinhu izvi muMuseum of the Bible muWashington DC, zvavakatsigirawo. Zvisinei, nzira yekutenga zvinhu izvi yakakonzera kutya mukati mevanhu vanochera matongo.
Kutengwa kwezvinhu izvi kwaisanganisira ruzhinji rwevanhu vanobatana uye mavambo asina chokwadi, izvo zvinowanzova chiratidzo chekubirwa kwezvinhu zvakabiwa. Kutengeswa nekutakurwa kwezvinhu izvi kunotyora mitemo yakati wandei yepasi rose yakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza nhaka yetsika. Muna 2017, Hobby Lobby yakabvuma kurasikirwa nezvinhu izvi uye kubhadhara faindi yemadhora mamiriyoni matatu. Chiitiko ichi chinosimbisa nyaya dziri kuenderera mberi dzakapoteredza musika wezvinhu zvekare zvisiri pamutemo uye mabasa evaunganidzi nemasangano.
The Elgin Marbles
Pamwe imwe yenharo dzinogara kwenguva refu muzvidzidzo zvematongo inosanganisira Elgin Marbles, muunganidzwa wezvifananidzo zvekare zveGreek marble zvaimboshongedza Parthenon muAthens. Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, Thomas Bruce, Earl wechinomwe weElgin, akawana mvumo kubva kuOttoman Empire, iyo yaitonga Greece panguva iyoyo, yekubvisa zvifananidzo izvi nekuzvitakura kuenda kuBritain.
Matombo eElgin ave achiratidzwa muBritish Museum kubvira muna 1816, asi Greece yagara ichida kuti adzoserwe, ichiti maOttomans akanga asina mvumo yepamutemo yekubvumira kubviswa kwawo. MaGiriki anoona matombo aya sechinhu chakakosha chenhaka yavo yetsika nenyika. Nhaurirano pamusoro peMatombo eElgin inobata dingindira rakakura rehudzvanyiriri, kudzoserwa kwetsika, uye tsika dzekuchengetedza zvinhu zvakabviswa munguva dzehutongi hwekunze.
Murume weKennewick
Muna 1996, kuwanikwa kwemapfupa ane makore anoda kusvika 9,000 ekuberekwa pamhenderekedzo yeRwizi rweColumbia muWashington State, USA, kwakakonzera hondo huru pakati pevasayendisiti nemadzinza eNative America. Matongo aya, ayo akatumidzwa zita rekuti "Kennewick Man," akatanga kutorwa nemadzinza emunharaunda pasi peMutemo weNative American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), uyo unotsvaga kudzorera mapfupa emuno kunharaunda dzavo kuti avigwezve.
Zvisinei, vanoongorora matongo nevanoongorora magariro evanhu vanoti zera raKennewick Man nehunhu hwake zvinogona kupa ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro pekutama kwevanhu vekutanga kuenda kuAmerica. Kurwisana kwenguva refu kwemutemo kwakatevera, matare achigara nevasayendisiti vakaita tsvakiridzo yakakura, zvichiratidza kuti Kennewick Man angangodaro aive nemadzitateguru ekuPolynesia. Muna 2017, makore anoda kusvika makumi maviri mushure mekuwanikwa kwawo, ongororo yeDNA yakasimbisa kuti zvisaririra izvi zvaive pedyo nezvizvarwa zveNative America zvemazuva ano, zvichiita kuti zvidzoserwe kumusha uye zvivigwe nemadzinza emunharaunda.
Kuchera kweCatalhoyuk
Catalhoyuk, nzvimbo yeNeolithic muTurkey yakatangira kuma7500 BC, yakapa ruzivo rwakakosha nezvekugara kwevanhu vekare uye marongerwo emagariro evanhu. Zvisinei, kuchera kwakatungamirwa nenyanzvi yezvekuchera matongo yekuBritain James Mellaart muma1960 kwakatanga gakava. Mellaart akapomerwa mhosva yekutakura nekuratidza zvinhu zvisiri pamutemo pasina mvumo inodiwa, zvichiita kuti hurumende yeTurkey imurambidze kuchera zvimwe zvinhu munyika iyi.
Kuchera kwakaitwa munguva pfupi yapfuura kuCatalhoyuk, kwakatungamirwa naIan Hodder uye kwakatsigirwa nemari nemasangano akasiyana-siyana epasi rose, kwave netsika dzakanaka, kuchisimbisa kushandira pamwe nekuchengetedza kwenzvimbo. Shanduko iyi inoratidza kuti kuchera matongo kwemazuva ano kuri kuedza sei kuenzanisa kuferefeta kwesainzi nekuremekedza nhaka yetsika nevanobatana navo vemunharaunda.
Chifuva chaNefertiti
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa kubva kuEgypt yekare, chifukidziro cheNefertiti, chinomutsawo gakava renyika dzakawanda. Chifukidziro ichi chakawanikwa muna 1912 nenyanzvi yezvekuchera matongo yekuGermany Ludwig Borchardt, chakaunzwa kuGermany uye chave chichiratidzwa kuNeues Museum muBerlin kubvira ipapo. Egypt yanga ichitaura kwenguva refu kuti chifukidziro ichi chakabviswa zvisiri pamutemo uye chave chichidanwa kuti chidzoswe, ichichitsanangura sechikamu chakakosha chenhaka yetsika yeEgypt.
Vakuru veGermany vanoti kubviswa kwacho kwaive pamutemo zvichibva pazvibvumirano zvaivepo panguva yekuwanikwa kwacho. Gakava pamusoro pekubatwa kwaNefertiti haringopokani chete tsika dzepamutemo netsika dzemunguva yekoloni asiwo rinobatanidza mitemo yepasi rose iripo uye kudyidzana kwetsika, zvichiratidza kurwira kuripo pamusoro pekuva muridzi uye kuzivikanwa kwakabatana nezvinhu zvetsika zvine mukurumbira.
Mupata weMadzimambo neGuva raMambo Tutankhamun
Guva raTutankhamun, rakawanikwa naHoward Carter muna 1922, ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzinoshamisa dzekuchera matongo. Zvisinei, kuchera, pamwe nekuratidzwa kwepfuma yamambo wechikomana, zvakatsoropodzwa maererano nekutengeswa uye kuratidzwa kwezvisaririra zvevanhu nezvinhu zvitsvene.
Vamwe vanoti kuratidzwa kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa naTutankhamun kunze kweIjipita, kunyanya rwendo rwepasi rose rwezvinhu zvinokosha mukupera kwezana remakore rechi20, kunotengesa nekushandisa nhaka yekare kuti vawane purofiti. Uyezve, kukanganiswa kunokonzerwa nekuratidzwa uku kunogona kukanganisa kuchengetedzwa kwezvinhu izvi zvisingatsiviwe. Kukurukurirana kwetsika pano kunotarisa pakuchengetedza nekudzidzisa veruzhinji uye mabhenefiti ekuchinjana tsika pasi rose maererano nekuremekedza tsika dzekare nevakafa.
Mhedziso: Nzira Yekufambira Mberi Mukuongorora Zvekare
Kuchera matongo kwakakakavadzana kunojekesa matambudziko etsika anogona kuperekedzwa nekutsvaga nhoroondo yevanhu. Nyaya dzataurwa dzinosimbisa kukosha kwemitemo yetsika yakasimba uye hurongwa hwemutemo hunoremekedza zvinangwa zvesainzi nekodzero, tsika, uye manzwiro enharaunda dzemuno nedzevazukuru.
Kuchera matongo kwemazuva ano kuri kuramba kuchienda kune mamwe mamodheru ekubatsirana. Nharaunda dzemuno nedzemunharaunda dziri kubatanidzwa mukuita sarudzo, uye nharaunda yepasi rose yekuchera matongo iri kuita nhanho diki yekuona kuti kuwanikwa kwacho kunotarisirwa neruremekedzo rukuru kune tsika dzekare.
Mukugadzirisa gakava iri, tinoyeuchidzwa kuti kuchera matongo hakusi kungonzwisisa nhoroondo chete; zvakare kukudza vanhu netsika dzinobva munhoroondo. Sezvatinoedza kubatanidza dambudziko rezvakaitika kare, nyaya idzi dzinotimanikidza kuita izvozvo nenzira ine hanya uye inosanganisira vose, kuti zvidzidzo zvenhoroondo zvishande pakuona nekubatana pane kutiparadzanisa.
