Zvekuchera matongo muMiddle East neMagariro Ekare
Zvekuchera matongo muMiddle East zvinovhura mukana unonakidza wekuwana tsika dzekare dzakadzika uye dzakaoma dzaimbotonga nzvimbo iyi. Dzinowanzonzi "Cradle of Civilization," Middle East ndipo pakatanga dzimwe dzenzanga dzekutanga uye dzine simba guru dzevanhu. Kubva kuvaSumerian neAkkadian kusvika kuvaBhabhironi, vaAsiriya, vaIjipita, nevaPersia, tsika idzi dzekare dzakasiya humbowo hwakawanda hwezvakacherwa mumatongo hunoramba huchikwezva vaongorori nevanyori venhoroondo.
Nzvimbo Yekuzvarwa Kwebudiriro
Nzvimbo yeFertile Crescent, inosanganisira zvikamu zveIraq yanhasi, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, neJordan, ndipo pakatanga kuchinja vanhu kubva pamararamiro evavhimi nevanounganidza mhuka kuenda kunharaunda dzekurima dzakagadzikana. Kuchinja uku kwakakosha kwakaitika kunenge muna 10,000 BCE, kunyanya munzvimbo dzakadai seJeriko neÇatalhöyük. Ivhu rakapfuma renzvimbo iyi nemamiriro ekunze akanaka zvakabvumira vanhu vekutanga kurima zvirimwa, izvo zvakazotsigira nzanga dzakaoma kunzwisisa.
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha munhoroondo yeMiddle East pakutanga kwaiva kumuka kweSumer kumaodzanyemba kweMesopotamia (Iraq yemazuva ano). VaSumer vanonzi ndivo vane "kutanga" kwakawanda mubudiriro yevanhu, kusanganisira kukura kwekunyora (cuneiform), kuvaka kwakakosha (ziggurats), uye mitemo yakanyorwa (Code of Ur-Nammu). Guta rekare reUri, rakacherwa naSir Leonard Woolley muma1920 nema1930, rakaratidza pfuma yakawanda yekuchera matongo, kusanganisira Makuva ehumambo eUri, ayo aive nezvinhu zvakaoma zvegoridhe nesirivha, zviridzwa zvemimhanzi, uye zvakanyorwa.
Umambo hweAkkad neBhabhironi
Humambo hweAkkad, hwakavambwa naSargon wekuAkkad munenge mugore ra2334 BCE, ndihwo hwaiva umambo hwekutanga hunozivikanwa pasi rose, zvichireva kuchinja kuenda kune zvematongerwo enyika pamwe nezvinangwa zvehumambo. VaAkkad vakatora nekugadzirisa tsika netekinoroji yekare yeSumerian, kusanganisira manyorerwo ecuneiform, avakashandisa kuwedzera kutonga kwehutongi munzvimbo dzavo dzakakura.
Mushure mekudonha kweHumambo hweAkkadian, dunhu iri rakaona kurwira simba kwakazoita kuti Humambo hweBhabhironi huvepo. VaBhabhironi, vachitungamirirwa naMambo Hammurabi, vanozivikanwa zvikuru neMutemo waHammurabi, mumwe wemitemo yepamutemo yakanyorwa yekutanga uye yakakwana. Dombo rine kodhi iyi rakawanikwa nenyanzvi yezvekuchera matongo yekuFrance Jacques de Morgan muna 1901 muSusa (Iran yanhasi) uye richiri chikamu chakakosha chenhoroondo yemutemo netsika.
Ijipiti: Chipo cheNire
Panguva iyo Mesopotamia yakanga ichivandudza tsika dzayo dzekare, Ijipiti yekare yakanga ichifambira mberi zvakafanana pamhenderekedzo yeRwizi rweNire. Kubatanidzwa kweUpper neLower Egypt kunenge muna 3100 BCE naFarao Narmer kwakaratidza kutanga kwetsika yaizogara kwezviuru zvemakore. VaIjipita vakapa mipiro inoshamisa muunyanzvi, kuvaka, nesainzi.
Mapiramidhi Makuru eGiza, akavakwa panguva yeDzinza rechina (munenge muna 2580 - 2560 BCE), ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzinozivikanwa zvikuru dzekuchera matongo pasi rose. Kucherwa kwezvicherwa zvekare zveEgypt, zvakaita saSir Flinders Petrie naHoward Carter, avo vakawana guva raTutankhamun muna 1922, kwakaratidza kuti vanhu vainyanya kufarira hupenyu hwepashure perufu, sezvinoratidzwa netsika dzavo dzekuviga dzakaoma uye zvivakwa zvikuru zveguva.
Umambo hweAsiriya nePersia
Umambo hweAsiriya, pahwakanga hwakakura pakati pezana remakore rechi10 nerechi7 BCE, hwaizivikanwa nehunyanzvi hwahwo hwehondo uye muunganidzwa wakakura wemaraibhurari. VaAsiriya vaiva vavaki vane hunyanzvi, sezvinoonekwa mumatongo emaguta avo makuru eNinivhe neAshur. Zvakacherwa naAusten Henry Layard pakati pezana remakore rechi19 zvakafukunura Raibhurari yeAshurbanipal muNinivhe, iyo yaive nezviuru zvemahwendefa evhu akanyorwa ngano, zvinyorwa zvehutungamiriri, uye magwaro esainzi.
Mushure mekudonha kweAsiriya, Umambo hwePersia hwakabuda sesimba guru pasi paKoreshi Mukuru muzana remakore rechitanhatu BCE. Umambo hweAchaemenid, sezvahwaizivikanwa, hwakatangira kuBalkans kusvika kuIndus Valley, husina muenzaniso munguva yahwo nekuda kwehukuru hwahwo nekurongeka kwahwo. Guta rekare rePersepolis, rakacherwa zvakanyanya naErnst Herzfeld naErich Schmidt muma1930, rinoshanda seuchapupu hwehunyanzvi hwekuvaka hwePersia. Mazinda aro makuru nemifananidzo yematombo zvinoratidza nzanga yakangwara ine kukoshesa hunyanzvi netsika.
Matekiniki ekuchera matongo nematambudziko
Zvekuchera matongo zvemazuva ano muMiddle East zvinoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzemazuva ano, dzinosanganisira mifananidzo yesatellite, radar inopinda pasi, uye digital modeling. Zvishandiso izvi zvinobvumira vaongorori kuongorora nekuchera nzvimbo nemazvo uye kusakanganisa zvakanyanya zvakatipoteredza. Zvisinei, munda uyu unosangana nematambudziko makuru, anosanganisira kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika, kupamba, uye kuparadzwa kwenzvimbo dzenhaka dzetsika nekuda kwekusawirirana nekukura kwemaguta.
Semuenzaniso, kusawirirana kuri kuenderera mberi muSyria kwakonzera kurasikirwa kunorwadza kwenzvimbo dzakakosha dzekuchera matongo dzakadai sePalmyra, uko zvivakwa zvekare zvakaparadzwa nemapoka evapanduki. Kushandira pamwe kwenyika dzakasiyana-siyana pamwe nezvirongwa, zvakaita sekuedza kweUNESCO kuchengetedza nekudzoreredza nhaka yetsika, zvakakosha pakugadzirisa nyaya idzi.
mhedziso
Zvekuchera matongo muMiddle East zviri kuramba zvichiratidza hunhu hwakapfuma hwetsika dzekare dzakaumba nhoroondo yevanhu. Kuburikidza nekutsvaga nekunyatsoongorora, vanochera matongo vanounganidza nyaya dzenzanga dzakaisa hwaro hwekunyora, mutemo, maguta, uye kuvaka umambo. Kunyange hazvo matambudziko achiripo, nhaka inogara iripo yetsika idzi dzekare inoshanda sechiyeuchidzo chakasimba chenhaka yedu yevanhu yatinogovana uye kukosha kwekuichengetedza kuzvizvarwa zvinotevera.
Middle East ichiri nzvimbo yakakosha yekuwana ruzivo rwezvekuchera matongo, ichipa ruzivo rusina muganho pamusoro pekukura kwekutanga kwebudiriro yevanhu. Kubva pakunyora kwekutanga kwevaSumer muvhu kusvika kuhukuru hwedzimba dzemadzimambo ePersia, zvinyorwa zvezvekuchera matongo zvedunhu iri zvinoramba zvichitipa ruzivo nekukurudzira, zvichitibatsira kunzwisisa kuoma kwezvakaitika kare uye midzi yenzanga yemazuva ano.
