Zvekuchera Matongo muSoutheast Asia uye Zvakawanikwa Zvakakosha
Southeast Asia, dunhu rinozivikanwa nekusiyana kwetsika dzaro uye nhoroondo yakapfuma, rave riri nzvimbo yetsika dzevanhu kwenguva refu. Kubva pamateru emupunga ePhilippines kusvika kumatemberi ekuCambodia, migwagwa mikuru yerwizi rweThailand kusvika kunzvimbo dzekare dzeIndonesia, dunhu iri rave riri nzvimbo huru yekutsvaga matongo ekare anoratidza kudzika uye kuoma kwehunyanzvi hwevanhu uye kugadzirisa. Zvakawanikwa patsva pano hazvingoratidzi zvakapfuura chete asiwo zvinopa ruzivo nezvekwakabva nzanga dzemazuva ano. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora zvimwe zvezvakawanikwa zvakakosha zvematongo muSoutheast Asia, zvichijekesa nhoroondo yedunhu iri.
Ban Chiang - Tsika Yekare yeThailand
Imwe yenzvimbo dzakakosha dzekuchera matongo muSoutheast Asia iBan Chiang muThailand. Yakawanikwa muma1960, Ban Chiang inoonekwa seimwe yenzvimbo dzakakosha dzekugara kare munharaunda iyi. Nzvimbo iyi yakaratidza humbowo hwekuti nzanga yakabudirira yaivepo kubva kuma3600 BCE kusvika 200 CE. Kuwanikwa kwemidziyo yevhu, maturusi, nezvinhu zvemakuva zvinoratidza kuti nharaunda yakarongeka zvakanaka ine magariro akaomarara.
Zviumbwa zvehari zveBan Chiang zvinonyanya kukosha. Zviumbwa izvi, zvinowanzova nemagadzirirwo akaomarara uye maumbirwo akasiyana-siyana, zvinoratidza hunyanzvi hwepamusoro hwetekinoroji nehunyanzvi. Uyezve, humbowo hwekurima mupunga nemhuka dzinochengetwa mudzimba hunoratidza hwaro hwekurima munharaunda. Kuwanikwa kwemakuva akapatsanurwa kunopawo ruzivo nezvemaumbirwo emagariro evanhu, hutano, uye kudya kwevanhu vaigara ikoko.
Angkor Wat neUmambo hweKhmer
Angkor Wat muCambodia inomira sechiratidzo chehukuru hweKhmer Empire uye hunyanzvi hweinjiniya. Ndiyo chiyeuchidzo chikuru chechitendero pasi rose, chakavakwa pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi12 setemberi yechiHindu yakatsaurirwa kuna Vishnu isati yashanduka zvishoma nezvishoma kuita temberi yechiBuddha.
Kuchera matongo nehunyanzvi hwepamusoro hwemifananidzo zvakaratidza zvakawanda nezveAngkor Wat neguta rayo rakaipoteredza, Angkor Thom. Kukura kweinjiniya ye hydraulic kunoshamisa zvikuru, kusanganisira matangi makuru (mabaray) uye network yakakura yemigero nemakomba. Masisitimu aya ekutarisira mvura haana kungotsigira kurima chete asiwo airatidza kurongeka kwemuchadenga pakati peKhmer cosmology.
Ongororo dzemudenga dzichangobva kuitwa dzichishandisa tekinoroji yeLIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) dzakaratidza nzvimbo dzemaguta dzakavanzika kare, kusanganisira migwagwa, matemberi, nenzvimbo dzekugara. Izvi zvakawana ruzivo rwekuti Angkor haisi guta chete asi guta guru rine zvivakwa zvepamusoro.
Borobudur - Tembere Inoshamisa yeJava
Borobudur, iri muCentral Java, Indonesia, inzvimbo yeUNESCO World Heritage uye chinhu chakakosha chakawanikwa pakuchera matongo. Yakavakwa muzana remakore rechi9 panguva yekutonga kweSailendra Dynasty, Borobudur ndiyo temberi huru yeBuddhist pasi rose, ine mapuratifomu mapfumbamwe akaturikidzana pamusoro pedome repakati.
Tembere iyi yakashongedzwa nemapaneru emadziro anosvika 2,672 uye zvifananidzo zveBuddha 504. Mifananidzo iyi yakaoma inoratidza hupenyu hwaBuddha nedzidziso dzakasiyana-siyana, ichipa rugwaro rwakajeka rwakakosha mune zvechitendero uye zvehunyanzvi. Kuchera kwakapoteredza Borobudur kwakafukunurawo temberi diki nezvivakwa, zvichipa ruzivo nezvetsika dzechitendero uye mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika enzvimbo iyi panguva yekuvakwa kwayo.
Bani reMajagi - Midziyo yeMatombo Isinganzwisisike yeLaos
Bani reMajari riri muXieng Khouang, Laos, ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzisinganzwisisike dzakawanikwa muSoutheast Asia mukuchera matongo. Zviuru zvemajari makuru ematombo zvakapararira munzvimbo dzakakwirira, mamwe achirema matani akati wandei, zvichitangira munguva yeIron Age (500 BCE kusvika 500 CE). Chinangwa chemajari aya chichiri chakavanzika, nedzidziso dzinotangira pamadhishi emariro kusvika pakuchengetera waini yemupunga.
Tsvagiridzo dziri kuenderera mberi nekutsvaga zvinhu zvitsva dzine chinangwa chekunzwisisa zviri nani mamiriro ezvinhu ezvirongo izvi. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, humbowo hwakadai sezvitunha zvevanhu, zvinhu zvekuviga, nezvimwe zvinhu zvine chekuita nazvo zvinoratidza kuti zvirongo izvi zvinogona kunge zvaishandiswa mumabasa ekuchengetedza zvitunha. Kukura uye kupararira kwezvirongo izvi kunoratidza nzanga yakaoma ine network yakakura yekutengeserana.
Mupata weLenggong - Pfuma yeMatongo yeMalaysia
Mupata weLenggong muMalaysia, unowanzonzi "Gem reMatongo reMalaysia," une mapako akawanda nenzvimbo dzakavhurika dzine zvisaririra zvakakosha zvenhoroondo yekare. Chinhu chinonyanya kuzivikanwa pano iPerak Man, mapfupa emunhu akachengetedzwa zvakanaka ane makore angangoita 11,000 apfuura, zvichipa humbowo hwekutanga hweHomo sapiens muSoutheast Asia.
Zvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha zvakawanikwa zvinosanganisira maturusi ematombo, humbowo hwekugara kwevanhu pakutanga, uye maitiro ekurarama nawo. Mupata uyu unopa chinyorwa chinoenderera mberi chekugara kwevanhu kubva panguva yePaleolithic kusvika panguva yeNeolithic, zvichipa ruzivo rwakakosha nezvemabasa evanhu vekare munharaunda iyi uye kuchinja kwezvakatipoteredza.
Tsika dzeSa Huynh - The Coastal Link
MuVietnam, tsika yeSa Huynh, inotangira muna 1000 BCE kusvika 200 CE, yakakosha zvikuru mukubatsira kwayo kunzwisisa mabhizinesi ekare muSoutheast Asia. Tsika iyi inozivikanwa nemagaba ayo makuru ekuviga uye zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemakuva, zvinosanganisira zvishongo, zvombo, uye zviumbwa zvevhu.
Kuchera kwakaratidza kuti vanhu vekuSa Huynh vaive nyanzvi dzekugadzira simbi uye vaiita kutengeserana kukuru nedzimwe nzvimbo, kusanganisira China neIndia. Zvinhu zvakaita semagirazi neagate zvakawanikwa, zvichiratidza kuti paive nebhizinesi rakasimba uye rakakura. Zvakawanikwa izvi zvinoratidza basa renzvimbo iyi senzvimbo yekare yekutengeserana mugungwa.
mhedziso
Zvekuchera matongo muSoutheast Asia zviri kuramba zvichiratidza pfuma inojekesa nhoroondo yakapfuma yenzvimbo iyi netsika dzakasiyana-siyana. Kubva pakurongwa kwemaguta eAngkor kusvika kumatangi eLaos asinganzwisisike, kuwanikwa kwega kwega kunobatsira kunzwisisa kwedu budiriro yevanhu uye maitiro ayo akasiyana-siyana.
Zvakawanikwa izvi hazvingoratidzi chete hunyanzvi uye kugona kuchinja kwenzanga dzekare asiwo zvinosimbisa kubatana kwetsika dzevanhu kuburikidza nekutengeserana, chitendero, uye hunyanzvi. Sezvo tekinoroji yemazuva ano uye nzira dziri kufambira mberi, kuedza kwekuchera matongo mune ramangwana kwakagadzirira kuburitsa zvakavanzika zvakawanda zvekare zveSoutheast Asia, zvichiita kuti nyaya iyi inonakidza irambe ichienderera mberi kwezvizvarwa zvinotevera.
